Lymphadenopathy

Lymph node check up

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

What are lymph nodes?

Lymph nodes are small rounded glands that are found in various parts of the body. They are a part of the lymphatic system that is responsible for fighting off infections and diseases. The main function of lymph nodes is to house white blood cells that are responsible for fighting infection.

Human bodies have network lymph nodes and lymph vessels. This network, which is a part of the body’s immune system, is responsible for carrying fluid, waste material, pathogens that are in tissues outside the bloodstream.  There are hundreds of lymph nodes present in the body. Each one is responsible for filtering the fluid and substances picked up by the lymph vessels. These trapped foreign substances are then destroyed by special white blood cells called lymphocytes.

What is lymphadenopathy?

When the body has a problem, like an infection, injury or cancer, the group of lymph nodes in that area may swell up in response. This happens due to the nodes working out to filter out the bad cells. The swollen lymph nodes that are easily noticeable are present in the neck, groin, and underarms. Usually, only one section swells up at a time. However, if more than one area of lymph nodes are swollen, it may be an indication of certain infections (chickenpox or strep throat), immune system diseases or cancer.

Viral infections and can cause lymph nodes to double in size. They usually return to their normal size in 2 to 4 weeks.

Causes

Lymphadenopathy can happen due to many reasons including

Infections

A viral infection (such as a cold or flu) is usually the cause behind swollen lymph nodes. Other infections that may cause lymphadenopathy are

  • Strep throat
  • Mononucleosis
  • Upper respiratory infection
  • Ear infections
  • Severe hay fever
  • Skin or wound infections

When fighting a viral infection, lymph nodes usually swell to 1/2 to 1 inch across. If they have mild tenderness, then it is a sign that it is successfully fighting an infection. When fighting a bacterial infection, lymph nodes usually swell more than 1 inch across. They are very tender. If the nodes are more than 2 inches across, it is an indication that has not been successful in containing the infection.

Immune and autoimmune disorders

Certain disorders of the immune system like AIDS and autoimmune disease (rheumatoid arthritis or lupus) can cause enlarged lymph nodes.

Insect bites

The bites of certain insects like hornets, spiders may cause the lymph nodes to swell up.

Tooth abscesses

A tooth abscess refers to a collection of pus that is usually due to a bacterial infection. There are different types of tooth abscesses. However, the common ones are

  • Periapical abscess: This occurs at the tip of the affected tooth’s roots.
  • Periodontal abscess: This occurs at on the gum next to the root of the affected tooth
  • Gingival abscess: This occurs only on the gums.

One of the main symptoms of a tooth abscess is swollen lymph nodes in the neck, under the jaw

Certain medications

Some medications like anti-seizure and anti-malarial drugs also sometimes cause swollen lymph nodes. Allergic reactions to medications can also result in swollen lymph nodes.

Cancer

Cancer may be one of the causes of lymph node swelling but this does not mean that all lymph node swelling indicates cancer.  Two types of cancers that can cause lymph node swelling include lymphoma and leukemia.

Lymphoma – This is a type of cancer that is related to the immune system.  Lymphoma affects the cells of the immune system called lymphocytes present in various parts of the body such as the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, etc.  When lymphoma affects these lymphocytes, it changes their chemical composition.  This leads to abnormal growth of lymphocytes which gets out of control.

Some of the common symptoms associated with this condition include swelling and pain associated with lymph nodes present in the groin, neck, and armpits.  It can also cause symptoms of fever, lethargy, night sweats, weight loss, etc.  The prognosis for patients affected with lymphoma decreases when it affects the bone marrow.

Leukemia – This is a type of cancer affecting the bone marrow and the lymphatic system.  Leukemia can affect both children and adults.  There are various types of leukemia and usually affects the white blood cells.  When the DNA of the white blood cells is altered, it can lead to the damage of white blood cells.

This causes the white blood cells to divide and multiply rapidly which gets out of control.  Some of the common symptoms of leukemia include easy bruising, regular bouts of infection, headache, lethargy, weight loss, etc.  This type of cancer is considered to yield and low prognosis when the functioning of bone marrow is directly affected.

Different sites of lymphadenopathy and their meaning

Lymph node check upLymph nodes usually swell up when an area near it is injured, infected or malignant. The swelling of different lymph nodes may be an indication of different problems.

  • If the swelling is located on either side of the neck, just below the jaw, it may be an indication of a cold, flu or sore throat. These nodes also swell up when you have an injury or cancer near that area.
  • If the swelling is located in the armpits, it may be due to an injury or infection in the arm or hand. In rare cases, the swelling in this region may be due to lymphoma (breast cancer).
  • If the swelling is located in the groin, it may be due to an injury or infection in the foot, leg, groin or genitals. Sometimes, testicular cancer, lymphoma, or melanoma may cause swelling in this area.
  • If the swelling is located above the collarbone, it may be due to an infection or tumor in the lungs, breasts, neck, or abdomen.

Cancer in the lymph nodes

Cancer usually appears in the lymph nodes in 2 ways

  • It can originate in the lymph nodes. Cancer of the lymph nodes is known as lymphoma
  • It can spread to the lymph nodes from another part of the body.

How does cancer spread to the lymph nodes?

Cancer can spread from where it started (the primary site) to other parts of the body. Cancer may form in any part of the body. When the malignant cells break away from the source, they travel to other parts of the body via the bloodstream or the lymph system. When they travel via the bloodstream, they reach other organs. When they travel via the lymph system, they reach the lymph nodes.

Most of these malignant cells usually die or are killed off by the immune system. However, sometimes, some cells escape and start growing in a new area. This is called metastasis. lymph nodes near the tumor are the ones that are usually affected.

How is cancer in lymph nodes detected?

Normal lymph nodes are tiny and can be hard to find, but when there’s infection, inflammation, or cancer, the nodes can get larger. Those near the body’s surface often get big enough to feel with your fingers, and some can even be seen. But if there are only a few cancer cells in a lymph node, it may look and feel normal. In that case, the doctor must check for cancer by removing all or part of the lymph node.

When a surgeon operates to remove primary cancer, one or more of the nearby (regional) lymph nodes may be removed as well. Removal of one lymph node is called a biopsy. When many lymph nodes are removed, it’s called lymph node sampling or lymph node dissection. When cancer has spread to lymph nodes, there’s a higher risk that cancer might come back after surgery. This information helps the doctor decide whether more treatment, like chemo or radiation, might be needed after surgery.

Doctors may also take samples of one or more nodes using needles. Usually, this is done on lymph nodes that are enlarged. This is called a needle biopsy. The tissue that’s removed is looked at under the microscope by a pathologist (a doctor who diagnoses illness using tissue samples) to find out if there are cancer cells in it

Under the microscope, any cancer cells in the nodes look like the cancer cells from the primary tumor. For instance, when breast cancer spreads to the lymph nodes, the cells in the nodes look like breast cancer cells. The pathologist prepares a report, which details what was found. If a node has cancer in it, the report describes what it looks like and how much was seen.

Doctors may also use scans or other imaging tests to look for enlarged nodes that deep in the body. For more on this, see Imaging (Radiology) Tests. Often, enlarged lymph nodes near a cancer are assumed to contain cancer.

Lymph nodes removal

Lymph node diseasesNodes that have been removed during cancer surgery can leave part of the body without a way to drain off the lymph fluid in the affected area. Many of the lymph vessels now run into a dead end where the node used to be, and fluid can back up. This is called lymphedema, and it can become a life-long problem. The more lymph nodes that are removed, the more likely it is to occur.

Treatment options for lymphadenopathy

Treatment for lymphadenopathy mainly depends on treating the underlying condition that is causing lymph node swelling.  If the lymph node swelling is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics are prescribed to treat the infection.  The swelling generally subsides when the underlying bacterial infection is treated.

Over the counter measures can be performed to reduce the pain associated with lymph node swelling.  Some of these measures include applying a warm cloth over the area, using heating pads.  This can be followed by apply ice packs to the area which helps in relieving inflammation.  Over the counter, pain-relieving medications can be taken to reduce the pain.  Pain medications can cause side effects and hence needs to be consumed only if absolutely necessary.  Finally, taking adequate rest can help in faster recovery.

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Seek immediate medical treatment when swollen lymph nodes accompany pain and fever.
  • Never try to pick a swollen lymph node.
  • Avoid direct contact with pets like cats which may cause lymphadenopathy.
  • Try home remedies to relieve pain and swelling associated with lymph node swelling.
Don'ts
  • Practice unsafe sexual encounters.
  • Take pain medications to relieve pain from lymph nodes above normal limits.
  • Ignore an underlying medical condition.
  • Try to pop the lymph node.

 

 

 

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Did you know drinking alkaline water could be the healthier choice for you? Ever wondered how safe is your drinking water in terms of pH? Recent studies have revealed that Alkaline…
Goji berry: A traditional Chinese berry that packs the best of antioxidants Goji berry is an ancient berry that is considered to be power-packed with nutrients and antioxidants. Which means…
GERD heartburn
Heartburn: What are the exact symptoms and the best home remedies? There are easy home remedies for heartburn, which not only acts as a first aid when you experience…
Urologist: When should you visit one and why? A urologist can treat not only genitourinary problems of both men and women but also can treat various…
Ear pain model
Easy and safe tips for ear wax removal you can do at home Cerumen impaction generally occurs when an external object like cotton swabs are used to remove the ear wax.…
ASTtest-liver
AST- Aspartate Aminotransferase Test AST test is a blood test that is used to measure the level of a particular liver enzyme…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
sodium blood test
Blood Sodium Test A blood sodium test measures the amount of sodium (an important electrolyte) in your body. It is also…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
woman with abdominal pain holding ovulation calendar
Ovulation – facts to know about ovulation Learn how and when ovulation occurs, demystify common misconceptions, identify symptoms, methods of detection and right period for…
hidden benefits walking
9 benefits of walking we bet you didn’t know! Did you know walking can be the miracle pill for eternal youth? Everyone knows walking is good for…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
biotin for hair
Biotin: One-stop-shop for shiny hair and an active body! What is common to bananas, eggs, sweet potatoes, and liver? These are delicious and rich in biotin ;…
Hydroquinone: Is it the best topical treatment for hyperpigmentation? Darkening of the skin due to high melanin levels is called hyperpigmentation.  Hydroquinone interferes with melanin production thus treating…
Oxalates: How healthy greens can sometimes be bad news for your kidneys Oxalates are compounds present in a majority of healthy foods. However, at times an overconsumption of these could…
The Cabbage Soup Diet: The healthiest way to instant weight loss Cabbage soup diet rapid weight loss diet for those who want to shed those extra pounds in less…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
beta hcg test
Beta hCG Test A Beta hCG test measures the level of human gonadotropin hormones present in the blood that is primarliy…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
antiHEV IgM test
Anti hepatitis E virus (Anti HEV) IgM Test Anti HEV IgM test determines the level of the IgM antibodies in the blood, The disease is often…
shiitake mushrooms healthy
What are Shiitake Mushrooms and why should you eat them? Shiitake Mushrooms are well known for their smoky and robust taste. However, did you know they are replete…
sleep deprivation
Don’t let your sleep deficit grow into memory loss or heart attack Why is sleep important for us? How could sleep deprivation harm you? We bet you didn't know about…
oral hygiene tips
6 shocking consequences of bad oral hygiene (and how to avoid them) Did you know bad breath is not just turning off, but also harms your body in ways you…
ashwagandha brain
Ashwagandha: The best-kept secret of Ayurveda now revealed! Ashwagandha literally means "smell of horse". Don't get bogged down by that one tiny detail because this ayurveduic…
Salt dangers
Sodium chloride: The wonders and dangers of the simple table salt Sodium chloride is a salt containing sodium and chlorine ions at a 1:1 ratio. It is edible and…
Bromelain: 11 reasons why you should start adding pineapple to your pizza! If you didn't love pineapples already, here are some of the top health benefits that bromelain can bring…
Psyllium Husk: More than just an effective natural laxative Psyllium husk, or isabgol, is a popular natural laxative . But did you in addition to regulating bowels,…
How can berberine supplements help you live longer and healthier? Berberine is a turmeric look-alike herbal extract that is credited with numerous health benefits ranging from diabetes cure…
Experts reveal the safest ways to perform an enema at home The idea of pushing some up your rectal area might make you queasy but an enema could actually…
Inhale oxygen, exhale worries: The top breathing exercises and how to perform them Performing the breathing exercise is like becoming mindful of how you breathe.  Here is a list of breathing…
glucose-tolerance
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test – GTT Glucose tolerance test (or Oral GTT) is used to detect the onset of diabetes or prediabetes conditions. It…
Strep throat pain
Anti-Streptolysin-O Test The ASO or Anti-Streptolysin-O is a blood test designed to check for the presence of streptococcus bacterial infection…
cystatin C
Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a specific single-chain protein that is found in body fluids and is a biomarker for…
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…
yoga health benefits
How to practice yoga for astounding health benefits Can a 5000-year-old system be the ultimate body healer? Did you know yoga can make you smarter and…
aspartame or sugar
Aspartame – Hidden truths about this storm in a teacup Aspartame, the artificial sweetener, has gone under the scanner on several occasions for allegedly doing more harm than…
DHEA wrinkles
DHEA: Now get unbelievable age defiance with this wonder hormone! DHEA is known popularly as the age-defying hormone. This supplement is widely used to slow down aging and…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Shilajit: A miracle Himalayan herb for an active and happy life The Himalayas contain more wonders than you thought. Shilajit is a miracle herb that is widely used in…
The complete “what to eat” guide for gluten intolerance Does eating breads and pastas often makes you nauseous? Gluten intolerance is a common reason why you might…
Exercises or diet? Find out the healthiest way to gain weight Tired of being called skinny all the time? Looking for healthy ways to beef up? Why not try…
Is it possible to achieve full body detox with Master Cleanse? Master cleanse is a diet consisting of a lemonade based beverage, a salt water drink and a herbal…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
shakeology woman
Meal replacement or protein drink? Learn all about Shakeology and its claims Shakeology from Beachbody claims to be the most suitable shake that can aid in weight loss, regulate blood…
anoscopy
Anoscopy Anoscopy is an invasive diagnostic procedure where a small device known as anoscope will be inserted in the…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
leptospira Igm test
Leptospira-IgM Test A Leptospira-IgM test is a blood test which is carried out to detect anti-Leptospira IgM antibody. Leptospirosis is…
Okra: How can this nutrient-dense vegetable help you fight diabetes? Okra is a food which is rich in nutrients and minerals which are extremely essential for a healthy…
piles
Best treatment for piles in Bangalore All you need to know about piles and piles treatment in Bangalore - the types of treatment available,…
piles fissure fistula
Allopathy vs homeopathy vs ayurveda treatment for piles, fissures, and fistula Read to know the best form of treatment among allopathy, homeopathy,or ayurveda for piles, fissures, and fistula
The Shepherd's diet
Facts about the Shepherd’s diet Kristina Wilds promoted Shepherd's diet, a Christian-based diet that highlights Jesus Christ's diet as mentioned in the Bible.
gallbladder diet tomato
Gallbladder surgery :Tips on post-operative care and diet What to eat post a gallbladder surgery? What are the key things to avoid if you had a…

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