Temporal Arteritis


Last Updated December 20th, 2021

What is temporal arteritis?

The inflammation of the blood vessel(s) is called vasculitis. Giant cell arteritis is an inflammation or damage to any of the medium- to large-sized arteries in the body. Since it usually affects the arteries that carry blood to your head, especially those that pass through your temples, it is generally called temporal arteritis.

Symptoms of Temporal Arteritis

The most common symptoms of temporal arteritis are head pain and tenderness—often severe—that usually affects both temples. Head pain can progressively worsen, repeat after intervals, or subside temporarily.

Generally, signs and symptoms of temporal arteritis include:

  • Persistent and severe head pain, usually in the area of the temples
  • Jaw pain when chewing or opening your mouth wide
  • Tenderness in your scalp
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Loss of vision or double vision, particularly in people who have jaw pain
  • Unintended weight loss

Other related symptoms and PMR

Pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders or hips are common symptoms of a related disorder, polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). About 50 percent of people with temporal arteritis also have polymyalgia rheumatica. Vision loss is not a feature of PMR. PMR may progress into temporal arteritis at a later stage. Some people believe that both PMR and temporal arteritis are different phases of the same disease.

Complications of Temporal Arteritis

Temporal Arteritis could be a cause of the following complications in people with the disease:

  • Dizziness, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), vertigo, and cerebrovascular accidents resulting from Inflammation of the posterior vertebral arteries
  • Sudden complete or partial loss of vision that can occur in as many as 60% of the people with the disease
  • Refractory dialysis-related hypotension (fall in blood pressure); Thoracic aneurysms can result by the inflammation of the aorta
  • Stroke, though uncommon, is another potential complication

Causes of temporal arteritis

In temporal arteritis, the lining of the medium to large-sized arteries becomes inflamed and leads to swelling. The swelling of the arteries narrows them, affecting the flow of blood and nutrients to the body’s tissues. It is not known what causes these arteries to become inflamed (and especially the ones in the head). Some think it is caused by an immune system response that affects the walls of these arteries. It might be caused also by genetic or environmental factors.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of this disease. Some of them are:

  • Age: It affects adults only and generally people over the age of 50. Most people develop signs and symptoms associated with the disease between the ages of 70 and 80.
  • Sex: It is two times more likely to find women with this medical condition than men.
  • Race: It is generally found in white people of Northern Europe, who are of Scandinavian descent. It is very rarely found elsewhere.
  • Polymyalgia Rheumatica: Having polymyalgia rheumatica puts you at increased risk of developing this disease.
  • Family History: Having a family history of temporal arteritis also increases the risk.

Diagnosis of Temporal Arteritis

A diagnosis based on just the symptoms alone in the early stage of the disease is difficult. This is because the symptoms of temporal arteritis are not very different from those of other common conditions. Your doctor might take note of your medical history and your symptoms. After this, he will conduct a thorough physical exam, paying attention in particular to your temporal arteries. Often one or both of the temporal arteries will be hard with a reduced pulse and a chord-like feel and appearance.

Your doctor might also perform certain blood and imaging tests just to be sure.

Blood tests

Blood tests help in diagnosing the condition and suggesting possible treatment. Both the tests are generally used together to yield more accurate results. They are:

  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. This is also called a sed rate test. This measures the rate of fall of red blood cells to the bottom of a tube of blood.If red blood cells fall rapidly to the bottom of a tube of blood, it could indicate inflammation of the arteries.
  • C-reactive protein (CRP). It measures the quantity of a substance your liver produces when inflammation is present. The more elevated its measure, the greater the inflammation of the arteries and higher the probability of temporal arteritis.

Imaging tests

Imaging tests might be used in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis and the analysis of your response to treatment. Tests include:

  • Doppler ultrasound.This test uses sound waves to produce images of blood flowing through your blood vessels.
  • Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).This combines magnetic resonance imaging with the use of a contrast die to obtain images of your blood flow. If you have a fear of confined spaces, let the doctor know, because this test is conducted in a tube-shaped machine.
  • Positron emission tomography (PET).If your doctor suspects a case of temporal arteritis, he may conduct a PET scan. This involves the injection of an intravenous tracer solution that contains a tiny quantity of radioactive material. This helps produce a detailed image of your blood vessels and particularly highlight the areas of inflammation.

Biopsy

Biopsy is the best way to confirm a case of temporal arteritis. This is done by using a small sample of the temporal artery. The temporal artery runs underneath the skin starting from the front of the ears up until the scalp. Local anesthesia is used in the procedure and is done on an outpatient basis. It leads to little discomfort or scarring.

If you have temporal arteritis or giant cell arteritis, the sample will show inflammation of the cells of the artery. These cells affected by inflammation are abnormally larger as compared to other cells. Therefore, the condition is often referred to as giant cell arteritis. Your biopsy result may be negative and you might still have giant cell arteritis.

If the result is not clear, the doctor might advise another biopsy. This time it will be of the temporal artery on the other side of the head.

Treatment of temporal arteritis

There is no cure for temporal arteritis. The goal is to reduce the tissue damage that is caused by inadequate blood flow that is caused by the condition. The symptoms of temporal arteritis could resemble those of other common conditions. This is why even before a formal diagnosis is complete, the doctor might put you on oral corticosteroids that might help improve the condition. The steroid that is generally used is called prednisone. Lower doses of prednisone are successful in treating cases of polymyalgia rheumatica. Often, higher doses of prednisone are required to treat temporal arteritis.

Corticosteroids can increase the risk of other medical conditions such as:

Other potential side effects of corticosteroids include:

  • Weight gain
  • Thinning of the skin
  • Reduced immune system response
  • Increased blood sugar levels
  • Difficulty sleeping at night

The doctor might also prescribe aspirin for any musculoskeletal symptoms that you may be having.

If you are having any of these side effects, talk to your doctor and discuss how they can be minimized. Corticosteroid therapy generally lasts for 1–2 years and involves regular checkups as ordered by the doctor. These checkups help understand the body’s response to the treatment and the progress achieved.

Home remedies and lifestyle changes during treatment

Since the use of corticosteroids as part of the treatment can have a detrimental effect on your bones and other metabolic functions, the following recommendations are generally made:

  • Eat a healthy, balanced diet with whole grains, fruits and vegetables.
  • Take Vitamin D and calcium tablets frequently
  • Avoid salt, sugar, and alcohol
  • Go in for bone density tests regularly
  • Go in for blood sugar tests regularly
  • Do some light exercise (may involve only walking sometimes) to keep your weight in check
  • Quit smoking
  • Take about 75–150 mg of aspirin daily if allowed by the doctor. This will help to lower the risk of stroke and blindness.

Because temporal arteritis can recur, you will still need to see a doctor even after the recommended course of treatment is complete.

Dos and Don’ts

Final Words

Temporal arteritis is an old man’s disease. Absent generally in younger adults, it is commonly found in people over 50 years of age, who are of Northern European descent. There is currently no cure for the condition, but corticosteroid therapy is successful in alleviating its symptoms.

It can help restore the body to a functional condition and reduce the damage to tissue. Even if treatment is successful, it is not all bright and sunny afterward, as the condition can recur. Regular consultation with your doctor means that complications can be avoided. There are some things you can do during the corticosteroid therapy in order to reduce its side effects. They have been mentioned in this article.

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Take Vitamin D and Calcium tablets frequently during treatment.
  • Light exercise or walking to reduce weight gain during treatment.
  • Go in for bone density and blood sugar tests regularly to monitor their levels during treatment.
  • Take 75-150 mg of Aspirin to lower the risk of stroke.
  • Go for regular checkups and keep your doctor informed of your condition.
Don'ts
  • Smoke during corticosteroid treatment.
  • Eat foods with salt or sugar.
  • Consume alcohol.

 

 

 

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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test CEA or carcinoembryonic test detects the presence of CEA antigen in your blood mainly & determines the effectiveness…
amylase test
Amylase Test Amylase test is done by checking the level of this protein in the blood sample and also in…
antiHEV IgM test
Anti hepatitis E virus (Anti HEV) IgM Test Anti HEV IgM test determines the level of the IgM antibodies in the blood, The disease is often…
sodium blood test
Blood Sodium Test A blood sodium test measures the amount of sodium (an important electrolyte) in your body. It is also…
leptospira Igm test
Leptospira-IgM Test A Leptospira-IgM test is a blood test which is carried out to detect anti-Leptospira IgM antibody. Leptospirosis is…
hidden benefits walking
9 benefits of walking we bet you didn’t know! Did you know walking can be the miracle pill for eternal youth? Everyone knows walking is good for…
How to correctly perform nasal irrigation using a Neti Pot? Neti pot has been a part of Ayurveda since centuries. This ancient tool is extremely effective in treating…
Experts reveal the safest ways to perform an enema at home The idea of pushing some up your rectal area might make you queasy but an enema could actually…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
GERD heartburn
Heartburn: What are the exact symptoms and the best home remedies? There are easy home remedies for heartburn, which not only acts as a first aid when you experience…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
blood elements analysis
Blood Element Analysis Test A blood element analysis is a blood test performed to measure the level of toxic elements such as…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
anoscopy
Anoscopy Anoscopy is an invasive diagnostic procedure where a small device known as anoscope will be inserted in the…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
Diabetes blood test
Diabetic Profile The diabetic profile is a set of tests used for testing and monitoring the various kinds of Diabetes…
oral hygiene tips
6 shocking consequences of bad oral hygiene (and how to avoid them) Did you know bad breath is not just turning off, but also harms your body in ways you…
Dragon Fruit – Blessing from Nature’s Basket Dragon fruit is packed with nutrients but low on calories. It is the dream food that can help…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
ashwagandha brain
Ashwagandha: The best-kept secret of Ayurveda now revealed! Ashwagandha literally means "smell of horse". Don't get bogged down by that one tiny detail because this ayurveduic…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
Cayenne: The remarkable benefits of these red hot chili peppers These may make you rush for a glass of water, but cayenne pepper is actually a healthy additive…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
glucose-tolerance
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test – GTT Glucose tolerance test (or Oral GTT) is used to detect the onset of diabetes or prediabetes conditions. It…
ASTtest-liver
AST- Aspartate Aminotransferase Test AST test is a blood test that is used to measure the level of a particular liver enzyme…
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPIDANTIBODY(APL)_IgG
Antiphospholipid (APL) antibody-IgG The Antiphospholipid Antibody testing is a blood test used to determine an autoimmune disorder called Antiphospholipid syndrome linked…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
Okra: How can this nutrient-dense vegetable help you fight diabetes? Okra is a food which is rich in nutrients and minerals which are extremely essential for a healthy…
Hepatitis A virus infected liver
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Total Blood test to look for IgM antibodies to know if you are infected with Hepatitis A virus (HAV),…
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…
sugar toxic health
Sugar: 7 new shocking truths revealed about the sweet poison Can drinking soda bring you closer to death? Is sugar slowly poisoning you and your family? You would…
L-theanine attention
L-Theanine: Better sleep, higher focus, and many other benefits Did you know that L-theanine found in green tea can make you sleep better and be focused at…
aspartame or sugar
Aspartame – Hidden truths about this storm in a teacup Aspartame, the artificial sweetener, has gone under the scanner on several occasions for allegedly doing more harm than…
High Fiber Diet – Fire up your fiber intake for these health benefits! Regular bowels, healthy detox, higher immunity, and guaranteed weight loss - a high fiber diet can bring all…
gallbladder diet tomato
Gallbladder surgery :Tips on post-operative care and diet What to eat post a gallbladder surgery? What are the key things to avoid if you had a…
DHEA wrinkles
DHEA: Now get unbelievable age defiance with this wonder hormone! DHEA is known popularly as the age-defying hormone. This supplement is widely used to slow down aging and…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
Pescatarian Diet 101: What are the inherent health advantages of this diet? People opt to become a pescatarian in order to enrich their bodies with the essential health benefits that…
shakeology woman
Meal replacement or protein drink? Learn all about Shakeology and its claims Shakeology from Beachbody claims to be the most suitable shake that can aid in weight loss, regulate blood…
hemoglobin variant analysis
Hemoglobin Variant Analysis Hemoglobin variant analysis is a blood test that is used to detect the presence of hemoglobin variants which…
cystatin C
Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a specific single-chain protein that is found in body fluids and is a biomarker for…
piles fissure fistula
Allopathy vs homeopathy vs ayurveda treatment for piles, fissures, and fistula Read to know the best form of treatment among allopathy, homeopathy,or ayurveda for piles, fissures, and fistula
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
lose weight fast
12 easy and instant steps to successful weight loss Do you want to lose weight without losing your mind? Does weight loss always mean saying goodbye to…

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