Transient Ischemic Attack

Transient Ischemic Attack headache

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview of transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Cardiovascular disorders, combined with the disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system lead to diseases of fatal nature. These diseases are most common in aged people. They are evaluated based on the ABCD2 score, that is- Age, Blood Pressure, Clinical Features, Duration, and Diabetes. A severe disorder of the above category is “Transient Ischemic Attack”. It is a strong indicator of an impending stroke. Nearly 15% of TIA people have high risks of a severe ischemic stroke in future.

 

What is a transient ischemic attack?

Transient Ischemic Attack ECGTransient Ischemic Attack is defined as an episodic neurological disorder that occurs due to the presence of a blood clot in an artery leading to the brain.

It is also called a “mini-stroke” or a stroke that lasts for a period of 15 seconds or less. It is precipitated by an arterial blockage that leads to a complete absence of blood supply to the brain for a certain time.

Tissue death or acute infarction does not occur in this case. A transient ischemic attack is precipitated by multiple neurological and cardiovascular factors.

 

Causes and risk factors of transient ischemic attack

A transient ischemic attack is caused by a transient disruption in the cerebral blood flow (CBF). The major contributing factors to this phenomenon are discussed below-

  • Obstruction of a cerebral artery due to the presence of an embolus (blood clot or debris floating in the circulating blood)
  • Construction of the blood vessels leading to the brain due to plaque formation on the inner walls of the arteries (atheroma)
  • High blood pressure (hypertension) that exerts extreme pressure on the walls of the blood vessels, thereby damaging them
  • Increased viscosity of blood that causes a sluggish flow of blood through the arteries, thereby increasing chances of a blood clot
  • Elevated blood cholesterol level that causes build up of cholesterol deposits on the walls of the blood vessels
  • Narrowing and damage of blood vessels due to age
  • Existing medical conditions like Diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure that affects the health of blood vessels
  • Excess consumption of alcohol (causes build-up of plaque on the arterial wall)
  • Excessive smoking (causes damage to the blood vessel walls)
  • A daily diet rich in sodium, animal protein, purine and saturated fat (contained in red meat)
  • Heart diseases like Coronary Artery disease, Atherosclerosis, Cardiomyopathy or Atrial fibrillation
  • Incidences of congestive cardiac failure
  • A family history of stroke or heart diseases
  • Birth defects like defective valves (cause insufficient oxygenation of venous blood)
  • Excessive mental stress due to occupational hazards or family problems
  • Being a male (causes 46% chances of having a stroke)
  • Being an African American or a Hispanic American (since they often suffer from sickle cell disease that causes arterial constriction)

 

Symptoms of transient ischemic attack

Transient Ischemic Attack headacheThe signs and symptoms of this condition are so transient that they are not identified in maximum cases. A transient ischemic attack lasting for more than 20 seconds is characterized by the following features-

Focal symptoms:

  • Pinprick sensation on one or both sides of the body
  • Weakness or numbness experienced on one side of the body (hemiparesis)
  • Tingling sensation (Paresthesia)
  • Drooping down of the head
  • Muscle weakness (causes one of the arms to droop)
  • Double vision, blurred vision or temporary loss of vision (amaurosis fugax)
  • Speech impairment due to inability to coordinate the movements of the tongue (aphasia)
  • Partial paralysis
  • Difficulty swallowing

Non-focal symptoms:

  • Light-headedness and dizziness
  • Confusion
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Loss of coordination
  • Bowel or bladder incontinence
  • Syncope
  • A severe headache

 

Types of transient ischemic attacks

Transient ischemic attacks are broadly categorized into the following types-

  • Cerebral Hypoperfusion: This type of transient ischemic attack occurs due to a failure of the peripheral circulatory system. It arises due to two conditions- disruption of the circulatory control and significant loss of circulating fluid. Cerebral Hypoperfusion has two subtypes-
  • Isolated hypoperfusion
  • Penumbral hypoperfusion
  • Cryptogenic stroke: Cryptogenic stroke is defined as the cerebral ischemic attack of idiopathic nature (cause is unknown). It is a sudden transient neurological focal event that is unidentifiable in most of the cases because of the absence of visible symptoms. Cardioembolism (migrating blood clot) found in this case is also of unknown origin.

Another classification of transient ischemic attacks is done, based on the etiology of arterial obstruction. This is given below-

  • Embolic ischemic attack: This category of transient ischemic attack is caused by a blood clot (embolism) that forms at a definite site, and then migrates to some distant regions, causing arterial blockage over there.
  • Thrombotic ischemic attack: In this type, the ischemic attack is caused due to a build-up of plaque on the inner walls of the arteries supplying blood to the brain. Thickening of the arterial walls occurs in this case, leading to the constriction of the arteries. This eventually leads to obstructed blood flow to the brain. A complete cut-off of blood supply occurs at a more advanced stage that leads to an ischemic attack. This type of stroke is common in people suffering from high cholesterol and high blood pressure.

 

Diagnosis

The following diagnostic tests are normally recommended by neurologists-

  • FAST test
  • Blood test
  • Chest X-ray
  • Electrocardiogram
  • Doppler Ultrasound scan
  • CT scan
  • MRI scan

 

Treatment & Prevention

Transient Ischemic AttackTreatment of TIA chiefly involves medications and surgery (if required). The following types of medications are generally prescribed to a TIA patient:

  • Anti-platelet drugs: These decrease the tendency of the platelets to stick together and form clots. The most commonly used antiplatelet drug is Aspirin.
  • Anticoagulants: Drugs such as Heparin and Warfarin promote smoother circulation of blood but they require careful monitoring.
  • Thrombolytics: These are used to dissolve an internal clot and facilitate proper blood flow to the brain.

If the patient has a narrow carotid artery, surgical intervention might become necessary. The surgery will help get rid of plaque depositions in the carotid artery. Carotid angioplasty (stenting) may also be done to open up a clogged artery.

Preventing a TIA episode includes:

  • Consume a low-fat, low-salt, low-sugar diet, and high –fiber diet regularly to reduce the risk of cardiac ailments.
  • Get an adequate amount of sleep and follow a strict and healthy sleeping schedule.
  • Manage other cardiac conditions (if any) to reduce your chances of experiencing a TIA.
  • Smoking, illicit drugs, alcohol, processed foods – these are the biggest culprits of cardiac event one must steer clear from.
  • Manage BMI and blood pressure. Reduce stress.

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • There are certain strict lifestyle changes one needs to stick to after a TIA episode. This includes quitting smoking and alcohol.
  • One should try to maintain a healthy body weight and perform regular physical exercises.
  • A diet low in LDL cholesterol and high in antioxidants is best for people recovering from TIA.
Don'ts
  • Relapse into old unhealthy dietary and lifestyle habits once you recover from TIA.
  • Neglect follow-ups and check-ups after experiencing an episode of TIA. Get regularly tested for your overall cardiovascular health and chances of stroke.

 

 

 

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7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
nutritional yeast bread
Nutritional Yeast : How can a fungi culture be good for your body? Nutritional yeast: How a simple culture of fungi can transform your skin, digestion, immunity , and much more.…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
Salt dangers
Sodium chloride: The wonders and dangers of the simple table salt Sodium chloride is a salt containing sodium and chlorine ions at a 1:1 ratio. It is edible and…
How can Kegels help you overcome weak pelvic muscles & incontinence? Kegel exercises are pelvic floor strengthening exercises that can help you overcome incontinence issues that rise out of…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
GERD heartburn
Heartburn: What are the exact symptoms and the best home remedies? There are easy home remedies for heartburn, which not only acts as a first aid when you experience…
Crossfit with rope
CrossFit: Now get the perfectly sculpted body with this explosive gym routine CrossFit is a fitness regimen that makes use of high-intensity exercises in a shorter period to achieve muscle…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
colposcopy
Colposcopy Colposcopy is a simple, quick and non- invasive diagnostic tool to look closely inside the vulva, vagina, and…
Bloodtestalbumin
Albumin Test Albumin test or blood serum test is a liver function test that measures the amount of the protein…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
oral hygiene tips
6 shocking consequences of bad oral hygiene (and how to avoid them) Did you know bad breath is not just turning off, but also harms your body in ways you…
improve digestion weight loss
Power up your gut: 8 proven steps on how to improve your digestion Did you know you have a colony of bacteria in your gut that help you in digesting food?…
Is it possible to achieve full body detox with Master Cleanse? Master cleanse is a diet consisting of a lemonade based beverage, a salt water drink and a herbal…
Astaxanthin: Why experts believe it could be 550x more potent than vitamin E! What is astaxanthin and why is this new supplement on the block touted as the most powerful antioxidant…
How to scrub away stress and fatigue with an Epsom salt bath? Epsom salt is a popular home remedy for many skin ailments. Though there is a lack of scientific…
Ear pain model
Easy and safe tips for ear wax removal you can do at home Cerumen impaction generally occurs when an external object like cotton swabs are used to remove the ear wax.…
Balneotherapy jacuzzi
5 things you didn’t know about balneotherapy and how you can do it at home Sauna baths have been popular since a long time. But how much more beneficial can balneotherapy be as…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
Hysteroscopy_procedure
Hysteroscopy Hysteroscopy is a minimally invasive tool to help specialists view the uterus to diagnose and even treat several…
thyroxine t4 test
T4 (Thyroxine) Hormone Test The T4 or thyroxine blood test is an important diagnostic tool that gives a clear picture of how…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
Proteinuria and blood pressure
Hypertension Profile Hypertension profile is a panel of blood tests done to analyse the cause of hypertension or high blood…
Hepatitis A virus infected liver
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Total Blood test to look for IgM antibodies to know if you are infected with Hepatitis A virus (HAV),…
High Fiber Diet – Fire up your fiber intake for these health benefits! Regular bowels, healthy detox, higher immunity, and guaranteed weight loss - a high fiber diet can bring all…
gallbladder diet tomato
Gallbladder surgery :Tips on post-operative care and diet What to eat post a gallbladder surgery? What are the key things to avoid if you had a…
Bromelain: 11 reasons why you should start adding pineapple to your pizza! If you didn't love pineapples already, here are some of the top health benefits that bromelain can bring…
edamame
Edamame: How healthy are these green baby beans? Edamame or "immature" soybeans are soft and easily digestable forms of soybeans that are great as an eveyday…
The right way to prepare Alfalfa sprouts at home Alfalfa or lusan ghas is not just a nutritious animal fodder. This flavonoid-rich herb has some amazing health…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
How to correctly perform nasal irrigation using a Neti Pot? Neti pot has been a part of Ayurveda since centuries. This ancient tool is extremely effective in treating…
These are the top foods to increase your hemoglobin count It is important to add iron-rich foods into your diet in order to increase hemoglobin. Deficiency of hemoglobin could…
CBC blood test
CBC (Hemogram 6-part diff) blood test CBC (Hemogram 6-part diff) blood test refers to the test that measures the number of RBCs, WBCs, etc…
helping friend with depression
Support and care tips for helping people with depression Read to find out what is depression, its causes and symptoms. Also check out the steps describing how…
boost immunity tips
Step up your defence: 15 proven tips on how to boost your immunity Want to naturally build up a stronger immunity? Tired of frequent colds and runny nose?You will never believe…
Amaranth: Why is this native Peruvian grain called the “crop of the future”? Full of healthy high proteins and gluten-free, the grain, Amaranth, the tasty and ancient pseudo cereal from Peru,…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
green poop causes
Green poop : What are the reasons and how can you correct it Ever sneak a peek down the toilet only to shockingly find green poop? Why does our poop turn…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
gout diet purines
Gout Diet : Get relief from painful joints by eating these foods Are you a victim of this painful condition? Are medications providing only short relief? Find a list of…
Green, brown, & bitter: The instant advantages of including fenugreek in your diet Did you know the earliest usage of fenugreek can be traced back to the Egyptian civilization? Find out…
Tamarind: The top health benefits of this staple Asian ingredient Did you know this sweet and sour pulpy fruit does more than just add a tangy flavor to…

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