Yellow Fever

Yellow fever mosquito

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview

Diseases due to bacterial and viral pathogens are common in the temperate, tropical and sub-tropical climatic zones of the world, ideal for the growth and propagation of these pathogens. Epidemic outbreaks due to few of these diseases have occurred in the recent years, leading to numerous fatalities in those countries. A very common disease belonging to the above category is “Yellow fever” that affects millions of lives in the tropical regions of Africa and Latin America. But the disease is not limited to these two regions only. According to epidemiological studies by the World Health Organization (WHO), around 200,000 cases of yellow fever are reported throughout the world annually and nearly 30,000 of these incidences lead to death. Thus the global burden of yellow fever is undoubtedly very high.

 

What is yellow fever?

Yellow fever jaundiceYellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease mediated by the yellow fever virus belonging to the flavivirus family. Different distinct prototypes of this virus are found in East and West Africa and South America.

The disease manifests itself within the body of the patient after he is bitten by an infected mosquito. In the majority of the cases, these infections are asymptomatic in nature.

Few vaccinations are available for the prevention of the disease. But they have not proved to be extremely effective unless booster doses are administered from time to time. It must be noted that yellow fever is not so contagious in nature, and does not transmit from one person to another via casual contacts. Till date, fatality rates of yellow fever have been recorded as 20% or more.

 

Causes and risk factors of yellow fever

Yellow fever is primarily mediated by the flavivirus or its prototypes. The manifestations of the disease are noted once the flavivirus infected mosquito bites a person. The general causes are listed below-

  • Aedes aegypti mosquito that lives in the human localities and breeds and propagates there
  • Transmission from infected monkeys to humans or from an infected human to a healthy person
  • Mother to fetus transmission via placenta or breast milk
  • Travelers frequently traveling to the forest regions of the countries mentioned above, where the prevalence of flavivirus is very high
  • Immunocompromised and HIV infected individuals are more susceptible to yellow fever.

 

What are the warning signs?

Yellow fever mosquitoYellow fever symptoms do not manifest themselves immediately after a mosquito bite. There is a distinct incubation period of 3-6 days, during which the virus remains in the dormant stage within the body. But in a few cases (about 15% cases), the patient enters the “toxic phase” of the disease within the first 24 hours. Half of these patients die within 10-14 days. The commonly studied symptoms are elaborated below-

  • Fever and occasional chills (fever may relapse from time to time)
  • Muscle ache (myalgia) and general body pain
  • Mild to a severe headache
  • A persistent backache (lumbosacral back pain)
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Loss of appetite
  • A drop of pulse rate
  • Dizziness and extreme fatigue
  • Jaundice-like symptoms such as yellowish discoloration of skin and sclera
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Abdominal pain
  • Bleeding from the eyes, nose, ears, gums, and stomach
  • Presence of blood in vomit, urine, and stool
  • Dark brown or tarry stools
  • Reduced to complete absence of urine production (anuria)
  • Presence of high quantities of protein in the urine (proteinuria or albuminuria)
  • Failure of vital organs like the liver, kidney, lungs (advanced stage)
  • Unstable mental state
  • Seizure and coma (finally lead to death)

 

Types of yellow fever

According to the source of the disease and the severity of infection, yellow fever can be classified into the following types-

  • Sylvatic yellow fever: It is also called jungle yellow fever and is primarily observed in monkeys that are infected with a flavivirus. The infected monkeys thereafter pass on the virus to the mosquitoes biting them. These mosquitoes then bite the humans traveling in those forests and cause yellow fever. The most affected groups in these cases are the people working in forests such as woodcutters or forest department officers.
  • Intermediate yellow fever: This is prevalent in humid and semi-humid regions of Africa and often takes the form of epidemics. This disease spreads from semi-domestic mosquitoes that bite both humans and monkeys. Frequent and direct contact between human beings and infection-bearing mosquitoes leads to spread of the disease in these regions which are often called “zone of emergence”. It can reach the intensity of urban-type epidemic under optimum environmental conditions (increased contact between virus-infected mosquitoes and immunocompromised humans). Fatalities reported in an intermediate yellow fever are less.
  • Urban yellow fever: This is mostly spread by migrants moving into the cities having very high population. In this case, the infection directly spreads from the domestic mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) to the humans without the mediation of monkeys. Urban yellow fever may give rise to massive epidemic outbreaks.

 

What are the necessary vaccinations?

Yellow fever vaccineAlthough complete immunity is not guaranteed, a few vaccinations can protect a person to a certain extent from the disease.

The most commonly administered vaccine is the 17D vaccine, which is synthesized from a live attenuated strain of the flavivirus.

It is administered as a subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. But there might be few side-effects of yellow fever vaccines, such as fever, soreness, pain, and swelling which must be taken care of.

Few people such as pregnant women, infants below 6 months of age and people allergic to egg should not receive these vaccines. Booster doses may be required at some point in time.

 

Diagnosis

The following diagnostic tests must be carried out-

  • IgM serology testing
  • Neutralisation testing
  • General blood test for full blood count (FBC)

 

Treatment and prevention

Treatment

Your doctor may ask you to stay indoors and avoid mosquitoes.This may also help in reducing the virus from spreading. In severe cases of yellow fever, the patient will be admitted to the hospital

  • Blood pressure will be monitored.
  • Fluids to be given intravenously.
  • For replacement of blood loss.
  • Dialysis for the kidney.
  • To monitor liver functions.

Prevention

  • Vaccination – Make sure to get the vaccination before traveling to the regions where yellow fever is prevalent. Get a vaccination shot, if you are feverish post your trip. Anyone who has not got a shot of the yellow fever vaccine is prone to getting yellow fever.
  • Wear protective gear.
  • Use skin and non-skin mosquito repellents.
  • Use a bug spray.
  • Avoid direct contact with the infected individual, as it can lead to yellow fever spreading.

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Make sure to drink a lot of water.
  • Get a check up done even if you have a slight fever after you come back from a trip overseas.
  • Make sure to get the yellow fever vaccination before going on a vacation where yellow fever may be prevalent.
Don'ts
  • Use aspirin and other anticoagulants.
  • Ignore getting the yellow fever vaccination when traveling to areas where it might be endemic.
  • Consume any fried, oily, processed or refined foods.

 

 

 

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Heartburn: What are the exact symptoms and the best home remedies? There are easy home remedies for heartburn, which not only acts as a first aid when you experience…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
blood elements analysis
Blood Element Analysis Test A blood element analysis is a blood test performed to measure the level of toxic elements such as…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
anoscopy
Anoscopy Anoscopy is an invasive diagnostic procedure where a small device known as anoscope will be inserted in the…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
Diabetes blood test
Diabetic Profile The diabetic profile is a set of tests used for testing and monitoring the various kinds of Diabetes…
oral hygiene tips
6 shocking consequences of bad oral hygiene (and how to avoid them) Did you know bad breath is not just turning off, but also harms your body in ways you…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
ashwagandha brain
Ashwagandha: The best-kept secret of Ayurveda now revealed! Ashwagandha literally means "smell of horse". Don't get bogged down by that one tiny detail because this ayurveduic…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
Cayenne: The remarkable benefits of these red hot chili peppers These may make you rush for a glass of water, but cayenne pepper is actually a healthy additive…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
glucose-tolerance
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test – GTT Glucose tolerance test (or Oral GTT) is used to detect the onset of diabetes or prediabetes conditions. It…
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPIDANTIBODY(APL)_IgG
Antiphospholipid (APL) antibody-IgG The Antiphospholipid Antibody testing is a blood test used to determine an autoimmune disorder called Antiphospholipid syndrome linked…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
Okra: How can this nutrient-dense vegetable help you fight diabetes? Okra is a food which is rich in nutrients and minerals which are extremely essential for a healthy…
Hepatitis A virus infected liver
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Total Blood test to look for IgM antibodies to know if you are infected with Hepatitis A virus (HAV),…
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…
sugar toxic health
Sugar: 7 new shocking truths revealed about the sweet poison Can drinking soda bring you closer to death? Is sugar slowly poisoning you and your family? You would…
L-theanine attention
L-Theanine: Better sleep, higher focus, and many other benefits Did you know that L-theanine found in green tea can make you sleep better and be focused at…
aspartame or sugar
Aspartame – Hidden truths about this storm in a teacup Aspartame, the artificial sweetener, has gone under the scanner on several occasions for allegedly doing more harm than…
High Fiber Diet – Fire up your fiber intake for these health benefits! Regular bowels, healthy detox, higher immunity, and guaranteed weight loss - a high fiber diet can bring all…
DHEA wrinkles
DHEA: Now get unbelievable age defiance with this wonder hormone! DHEA is known popularly as the age-defying hormone. This supplement is widely used to slow down aging and…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
Pescatarian Diet 101: What are the inherent health advantages of this diet? People opt to become a pescatarian in order to enrich their bodies with the essential health benefits that…
shakeology woman
Meal replacement or protein drink? Learn all about Shakeology and its claims Shakeology from Beachbody claims to be the most suitable shake that can aid in weight loss, regulate blood…
ASTtest-liver
AST- Aspartate Aminotransferase Test AST test is a blood test that is used to measure the level of a particular liver enzyme…
hemoglobin variant analysis
Hemoglobin Variant Analysis Hemoglobin variant analysis is a blood test that is used to detect the presence of hemoglobin variants which…
cystatin C
Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a specific single-chain protein that is found in body fluids and is a biomarker for…
piles fissure fistula
Allopathy vs homeopathy vs ayurveda treatment for piles, fissures, and fistula Read to know the best form of treatment among allopathy, homeopathy,or ayurveda for piles, fissures, and fistula
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
lose weight fast
12 easy and instant steps to successful weight loss Do you want to lose weight without losing your mind? Does weight loss always mean saying goodbye to…

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