Dengue Fever

dengue mosquito

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview of dengue fever

Pathogenic diseases are common in those parts of the world that are infested with the disease-causing microbes. In some places, these diseases lead to epidemic outbreaks.A very common disease of the above category is “Dengue Fever”. It is more prevalent in the tropics, sub-tropics, temperate and humid regions.The epidemiological reports of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention show that at present, about 2.5 billion people (comprises about 40% of the world’s population) live in areas having high risks of dengue transmission.

The World Health Organisation has reported that nearly 390 million dengue cases are documented each year globally. The disease is life-threatening in terms of co-morbidities and mortalities.

What is dengue fever?

dengue feverDengue fever is a type of viral infection caused by the Flavivirus group. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary carrier of this febrile disease.

It is also called “break-bone fever” since the patients often experience acute joint and bone pain.Four main categories of dengue virus have been identified so far.

Infection caused by one of the dengue viruses makes the person immune to future infections by the same virus. But he is still susceptible to infections by the remaining three varieties of dengue virus.

Causes of dengue fever

The factors precipitating dengue fever can be divided into four main categories which are discussed below-

  • Agent: Dengue fever is caused by the four main viruses belonging to the Flavivirus These are DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4. All these viruses are the single-stranded RNA serotypes. Man and mosquitoes are the main carriers of these viruses. In case of mosquitoes, these viruses may be transferred from one generation to another via Transovarian transmission (transmission through eggs).
  • Vector: Bites by the female Aedes aegypti mosquito can transmit the viruses to the human hosts. Other species of the Aedes family such as Aedes albopictus, Aedes polynesiensis and Aedes niveus may also be responsible for the spread of the virus.
  • Environment: The Aedes aegypti mosquito survives best in the tropics, subtropics, humid and temperate areas. Monsoon and the presence of water bodies (man-made or natural) are ideal for the growth and propagation of these mosquitoes. Accumulated water in and around the house can act as ideal breeding spots for these mosquitoes. Their optimum temperature of survival is 16º-30º C with a relative humidity of 60-80%.
  • Host: Human beings belonging to any gender or age groups are the ideal hosts of the dengue virus. People travelling to the endemic regions are more likely to have dengue fever. Secondary infections may arise in many patients, especially the children who henceforth develop Haemorrhagic Fever along with passively acquired antibodies.

Mode of transmission

dengue mosquitoDengue fever is spread mainly through the bites of the flavivirus infected mosquitoes.

These mosquitoes can bite at any time of the day. The Aedes mosquito acquires the virus by biting a human host in the acute febrile phase of dengue fever.

The virus undergoes several stages of development within the body of the mosquito.

This stage is called the “extrinsic incubation period”.

During the next mosquito bite, the virus enters the bloodstream of a healthy human host (through the injected saliva of the mosquito). After an incubation period of 5-6 days (intrinsic incubation period), the symptoms slowly start manifesting themselves.

Symptoms of dengue fever

The symptoms of dengue fever become prominent after the incubation period of 5-6 days (3-10 days in some cases). The following symptoms are normally observed-

  • Pain behind the eye on exerting slight pressure or during eye-ball movements (retro-orbital pain)
  • Frontal headache
  • Muscle pain (Myalgia)
  • Pain in bones and joints (arthralgias)
  • Fever
  • Bluish or purplish bruises (caused due to haemorrhage)
  • Decline in white blood cell count
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Presence of blood in vomit
  • Bleeding from nose and gums
  • Gastrointestinal disorders
  • Rashes all over the body (3-4 days after the fever)
  • Drowsiness and lethargy throughout the day
  • Black stools
  • Pale and cold skin
  • Dryness inside mouth
  • Respiratory problems
  • Constant crying (in infants)
  • Dehydration
  • Bad taste in the mouth
  • Throat pain

Types of dengue fever

Based on the severity of the symptoms, dengue fever was initially classified by WHO as – Uncomplicated Dengue Fever and Severe Dengue Fever. The following classification was introduced later on-

  • Classical or simple dengue fever: It is the relatively uncomplicated form of dengue fever. It lasts for about 5-7 days. It is characterized by fever, general malaise, retro-orbital pain, alteration of taste, throat pain and pink rashes. It is easily recoverable.
  • Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever: It is a more severe form of dengue fever. It is characterized by bluish or purplish patches under the skin. This occurs due to severe damage of the blood vessels. More severe symptoms include nose-bleeds and gum-bleeds. Presence of blood in vomit is also found in certain cases.
  • Dengue Shock Syndrome: In this case, the patient exhibits symptoms of the above two categories of dengue fever. In addition to that, these patients also develop a condition known as “shock”. In this disease, the patient’s skin feels clammy and cold, even during very high fever. Abnormal drop of pulse rate and blood pressure is also observed. Gradually the person starts losing consciousness.

Diagnosis

For the proper evaluation of dengue fever, the following laboratory tests are usually recommended by the doctors-

  • Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test
  • Complement Fixation Test (CFT)
  • Neutralization test (NT)
  • Tourniquet test
  • Dengue NS1 blood test

Treatment and  Prevention

dengue preventionDengue fever is caused by a virus; hence there is no specific cure or treatment of this disease.

Medications can help in alleviating the troubling symptoms associated with this disease such as fever and severe dehydration.

The patient should be given adequate fluids and electrolytes to compensate for the extreme loss of bodily fluids.

Painkillers and antipyretics will help in decreasing body ache and fever.

The usage of NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen) is a strict no-no since these can lead to the onset of dangerous symptoms such as internal bleeding.

There are no vaccines to prevent dengue fever at present. The best way to keep dengue fever at a bay is to protect yourself from mosquito bites, especially if you are in a dengue-prone zone.  Papaya leaf extract has shown effectiveness in treating dengue symptoms. Breeding of mosquitoes happens most in stagnant water and accumulated garbage. Eliminate these from your surroundings to ensure that there are dengue outbreaks. Use mosquito nets, insecticides spray, and mosquito-repellents to keep dengue-causing mosquitoes away.

A person suffering from dengue fever for several days suffers from acute dehydration and is advised to have plenty of water. Dengue fever is contributing to the increasing infant mortality rates each year. CDC reports suggest that nearly 90% of the children below 5 years of age die due to dengue fever each year. Proper diagnosis in the early stages is necessary to avoid hemorrhagic and shock symptoms.

Dengue fever home remedies

In addition to the treatment measures being adopted to reduce the dengue symptoms, you can also apply few home remedies to ensure complete treatment. Since dengue is a viral infection, it is important to build the body’s natural immunity against the pathogen and flush out the virus from the body as much as possible. The stronger is your internal defense system, the faster will you recover from the dengue fever. One of the best home remedies for dengue fever is turmeric. It contains the substance curcumin that has strong antiviral properties. In many instances, a herbal mixture of papaya leaf and neem leaf juice has proven to be an effective remedy for dengue.

According to Ayurveda, tulsi or basil leaves can also help in controlling the symptoms since these also have strong antiviral properties. Boil few leaves of basil in water and add few peppercorns in it. Strain and drink the liquid 2-3 times a day to observe speedy recovery. Other immunity-boosting foods such as orange juice or fenugreek leaves can also be safely taken to obtain relief from the symptoms.


TL;DR?

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Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • A dengue patient should get plenty of rest and lots of fluids as a part of the diet.
  • Keep checking signs for symptoms such as vomiting and bleeding. Immediately rush the patient to the nearest clinic, if these symptoms persist.
  • If you live in a dengue-prone area, use mosquito-repellents sprays and cream, mosquito nets, and full sleeved clothes.
Don'ts
  • Medicines such as aspirin or ibuprofen shouldn’t be given to people suffering from dengue.
  • Allow water to collect and stagnate. Remove old buckets, tires, boxes etc to get rid of mosquito breeding grounds.
  • Use alternative medication for dengue, however authentic they might appear.

 

 

 

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Amylase Test Amylase test is done by checking the level of this protein in the blood sample and also in…
antiHEV IgM test
Anti hepatitis E virus (Anti HEV) IgM Test Anti HEV IgM test determines the level of the IgM antibodies in the blood, The disease is often…
sodium blood test
Blood Sodium Test A blood sodium test measures the amount of sodium (an important electrolyte) in your body. It is also…
leptospira Igm test
Leptospira-IgM Test A Leptospira-IgM test is a blood test which is carried out to detect anti-Leptospira IgM antibody. Leptospirosis is…
hidden causes obesity
8 hidden causes of obesity you probably didn’t know! Did you know that around 2 billion people worldwide are either overweight or obese? Are you too a…
hidden benefits walking
9 benefits of walking we bet you didn’t know! Did you know walking can be the miracle pill for eternal youth? Everyone knows walking is good for…
Shilajit: A miracle Himalayan herb for an active and happy life The Himalayas contain more wonders than you thought. Shilajit is a miracle herb that is widely used in…
How to correctly perform nasal irrigation using a Neti Pot? Neti pot has been a part of Ayurveda since centuries. This ancient tool is extremely effective in treating…
Experts reveal the safest ways to perform an enema at home The idea of pushing some up your rectal area might make you queasy but an enema could actually…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
GERD heartburn
Heartburn: What are the exact symptoms and the best home remedies? There are easy home remedies for heartburn, which not only acts as a first aid when you experience…
The Cabbage Soup Diet: The healthiest way to instant weight loss Cabbage soup diet rapid weight loss diet for those who want to shed those extra pounds in less…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
anoscopy
Anoscopy Anoscopy is an invasive diagnostic procedure where a small device known as anoscope will be inserted in the…
Diabetes blood test
Diabetic Profile The diabetic profile is a set of tests used for testing and monitoring the various kinds of Diabetes…
Hymenoplasty
Hymenoplasty Read on to find out all about hymenoplasty, the procedure, post-surgery care, the risks, and the benefits.
oral hygiene tips
6 shocking consequences of bad oral hygiene (and how to avoid them) Did you know bad breath is not just turning off, but also harms your body in ways you…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
ashwagandha brain
Ashwagandha: The best-kept secret of Ayurveda now revealed! Ashwagandha literally means "smell of horse". Don't get bogged down by that one tiny detail because this ayurveduic…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPIDANTIBODY(APL)_IgG
Antiphospholipid (APL) antibody-IgG The Antiphospholipid Antibody testing is a blood test used to determine an autoimmune disorder called Antiphospholipid syndrome linked…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
Okra: How can this nutrient-dense vegetable help you fight diabetes? Okra is a food which is rich in nutrients and minerals which are extremely essential for a healthy…
Hepatitis A virus infected liver
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Total Blood test to look for IgM antibodies to know if you are infected with Hepatitis A virus (HAV),…
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…
sugar toxic health
Sugar: 7 new shocking truths revealed about the sweet poison Can drinking soda bring you closer to death? Is sugar slowly poisoning you and your family? You would…
aspartame or sugar
Aspartame – Hidden truths about this storm in a teacup Aspartame, the artificial sweetener, has gone under the scanner on several occasions for allegedly doing more harm than…
High Fiber Diet – Fire up your fiber intake for these health benefits! Regular bowels, healthy detox, higher immunity, and guaranteed weight loss - a high fiber diet can bring all…
DHEA wrinkles
DHEA: Now get unbelievable age defiance with this wonder hormone! DHEA is known popularly as the age-defying hormone. This supplement is widely used to slow down aging and…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Cayenne: The remarkable benefits of these red hot chili peppers These may make you rush for a glass of water, but cayenne pepper is actually a healthy additive…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
Pescatarian Diet 101: What are the inherent health advantages of this diet? People opt to become a pescatarian in order to enrich their bodies with the essential health benefits that…
shakeology woman
Meal replacement or protein drink? Learn all about Shakeology and its claims Shakeology from Beachbody claims to be the most suitable shake that can aid in weight loss, regulate blood…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
cystatin C
Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a specific single-chain protein that is found in body fluids and is a biomarker for…
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
L-theanine attention
L-Theanine: Better sleep, higher focus, and many other benefits Did you know that L-theanine found in green tea can make you sleep better and be focused at…
gallbladder diet tomato
Gallbladder surgery :Tips on post-operative care and diet What to eat post a gallbladder surgery? What are the key things to avoid if you had a…
gout diet purines
Gout Diet : Get relief from painful joints by eating these foods Are you a victim of this painful condition? Are medications providing only short relief? Find a list of…

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