Ventricular hypertrophy

Ventricular hypertrophy pain

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview of ventricular hypertrophy

The heart is the most vital organ of the body that pumps blood to every other organ. Any aberration in the normal functioning of the heart can lead to serious pathological conditions which might permanently impact the functioning of other organs. The cardiac dysfunctions of these categories may arise from multiple environmental, pathological, psychological and most important, congenital factors.

 The most severe among these diseases is ventricular hypertrophy. In particular, left ventricular hypertrophy is more common in black, hypertensive patients. Therefore, the disease definitely has demographic and ethnic variations. The global burden of ventricular diseases, in general, is very high and needs to be resolved on priority.

 

What is ventricular hypertrophy?

Ventricular hypertrophy is a cardiac disease characterized by a thickening of the walls of the lower chambers of the heart that is, the ventricles. It may be a syndrome associated with other underlying diseases. The most common conditions are- ischemic heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and a few more. These may arise in the course of ventricular remodeling or due to certain conditions that cause overexertion of the heart muscles.

 

What are the causes of ventricular hypertrophy?

Ventricular hypertrophy may arise from a number of factors. These are given below-

  • Physiologic hypertrophy: It is actually not an unhealthy condition. It is rather a normal and healthy response to healthy physical exercise and pregnancy. Both the conditions lead to an increase in the mass and the pumping capacity of the heart muscles. It is found that the trained athletes often have a left ventricular mass up to about 60% more than the normal (untrained) people. It is also seen that the rowers, the cyclists, and the skiers have the largest hearts and a left ventricular wall thickness of 1.3 cm, which is much larger than the 1.1 cm found in adults.
  • Diseases: Cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infarction, heart muscle injury, valvular heart diseases and myocardial scarring can predispose a person to ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertrophy arising from these conditions is known as pathological hypertrophy. In these conditions, the total cardiac mass can increase by 150%.
  • Eccentric hypertrophy: Through certain activities like aerobic exercises, stress due to volume overload occurs, since an active skeletal muscle pumping is involved in this case. In these state, a response from the ventricle occurs by the addition of new sarcomeres in series with the existing sarcomeres. In other words, the sarcomeres grow in length rather than in width. The outcome is a ventricular dilation while retaining the original lengths of the sarcomeres. Therefore, in this case, the heart can expand to receive a greater volume of blood. Here the thickness of the wall increases in proportion to the increase in the radius of the chamber. This kind of eccentric hypertrophy can result in ventricular hypertrophy.
  • Physical training: People involved in aerobic activities have hearts that can pump a larger volume of blood through an increase in the size of the ventricles. Anaerobic training lead to an increase in the thickness of the myocardial wall. The blood is pushed through arteries that are compressed by muscular contractions. This type of hypertrophy is usually reversible. Normal stroke volume is restorable even after the increase in afterload.
  • Genes: Certain genes such as osteoglycin and OGN (also called mimecan) may be responsible for ventricular hypertrophy in certain cases.

In most of the above cases, the axis of the heart shifts towards the hypertrophied ventricle due to two main reasons-

  • A larger number of muscles exist on the hypertrophied side, which allows an excess generation of electric potential on this side
  • More time is needed for the depolarization to travel to the hypertrophied ventricle compared with that needed under normal condition

 

What are the different types of ventricular hypertrophy?

Ventricular hypertrophy diagramVentricular hypertrophy can be classified into the following types based on which ventricle is affected-

 

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)

 LVH is characterized by an increase in left ventricular mass and a form of cardiac remodeling.

LVH is essentially an adaptive mechanism and is precipitated by a chronically increased “workload”.

Hypertension is the most common cause in this case. The following changes are usually observed-

  • Increase in size of the cardiomyocyte
  • Increase in fibrosis
  • Abnormalities of the intra-myocardial coronary vasculature (medial hypertrophy and peri-vascular fibrosis)

LVH is usually of these types-

  • Normal LVH: It presents as a uniform thickening of the ventricular wall.
  • Concentric LVH: This is more common in case of chronic pressure overload. It may occur during certain anaerobic exercises which result in arterial compression and increases resistance to blood flow. The chamber radius remains unaltered, but the wall thickness increases greatly.
  • Eccentric hypertrophy: It occurs due to volume overload in aerobic exercises. The wall thickness increases proportionally with the increase in chamber radius.
  • Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH): It is a less common type of hypertrophy that affects the right ventricle. Blood travels through the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. It may lead to right ventricular hypertrophy.

 

What are the common clinical manifestations of ventricular hypertrophy?

Following are the commonly studied clinical manifestations of ventricular hypertrophy-

  • Diastolic dysfunction
  • Heart failure with a normal systolic function
  • Heart failure with an impaired systolic function
  • Auricular and ventricular arrhythmia
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Cardiac death

 

How can you diagnose and treat ventricular diseases?

Ventricular hypertrophy painFollowing are the diagnostic tests for ventricular diseases-

  • Echocardiography
  • Cardiac MRI (measurement of LV mass and volume)
  • Chest radiograph (checks for cardiac enlargement)
  • Chest ultrasound
  • General tests (lipid profile, Lymes serology and Urinalysis)

Treatment and prevention of cardiovascular conditions such as ventricular hypertrophy include proper medication and lifestyle changes. Drugs, which help in controlling high blood pressure, such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers might be prescribed by your doctor. Treatment of sleep apnea and cholesterol-lowering medications are also effective treatment methods. Weight loss, reduction in sodium intake, regular fitness routine, and cessation of tobacco and alcohol consumption can go a long way in preventing cardiac issues and structural abnormalities.

 

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Dietary changes such as low-sodium intake and low fat intake should be adopted.
  • Indulge in regular physical exercises.
  • Get sleep apnea treated without delay so that the oxygen levels don’t end up reaching dangerously low-levels during sleep.
Don'ts
  • Indulge in smoking and alcohol consumption.
  • Lead a stressful and sedentary life.
  • Stop or change your medications without consulting your doctor.

 

 

 

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Gout Diet : Get relief from painful joints by eating these foods Are you a victim of this painful condition? Are medications providing only short relief? Find a list of…
Coconut sugar: What is it and is it healthier than table sugar? In the long list of things that the wonderful coconut gives us, coconut sugar is another remarkable addition.…
Tamarind: The top health benefits of this staple Asian ingredient Did you know this sweet and sour pulpy fruit does more than just add a tangy flavor to…
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HCG Diet: The dangers of using this diet to lose weight HCG is a natural hormone produced by both men and women that corresponds to fertility. But how is…
Urologist: When should you visit one and why? A urologist can treat not only genitourinary problems of both men and women but also can treat various…
How to scrub away stress and fatigue with an Epsom salt bath? Epsom salt is a popular home remedy for many skin ailments. Though there is a lack of scientific…
SIBO Diet: The important dos and don’ts of this gut-healing diet A SIBO diet is a diet that works by eliminating certain sugars from your diet and adding fibers…
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Meal replacement or protein drink? Learn all about Shakeology and its claims Shakeology from Beachbody claims to be the most suitable shake that can aid in weight loss, regulate blood…
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Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
Bronchoscopy procedure
Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy is a procedure where in a scope is inserted into the lung pathway to observe any growth…
amylase test
Amylase Test Amylase test is done by checking the level of this protein in the blood sample and also in…
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Period blood – what it says about your health Your period blood color and consistency indicate what is happening in your body. Is your blood bright red…
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Ovulation – facts to know about ovulation Learn how and when ovulation occurs, demystify common misconceptions, identify symptoms, methods of detection and right period for…
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Sweeteners – Are They Good or Bad for Our Health? Sweeteners can be artificial and natural. Learn about the different types of sweeteners and their health benefits and…
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Power up your gut: 8 proven steps on how to improve your digestion Did you know you have a colony of bacteria in your gut that help you in digesting food?…
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Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
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Green poop : What are the reasons and how can you correct it Ever sneak a peek down the toilet only to shockingly find green poop? Why does our poop turn…
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Edamame: How healthy are these green baby beans? Edamame or "immature" soybeans are soft and easily digestable forms of soybeans that are great as an eveyday…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Cayenne: The remarkable benefits of these red hot chili peppers These may make you rush for a glass of water, but cayenne pepper is actually a healthy additive…
Did you know drinking alkaline water could be the healthier choice for you? Ever wondered how safe is your drinking water in terms of pH? Recent studies have revealed that Alkaline…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
Pescatarian Diet 101: What are the inherent health advantages of this diet? People opt to become a pescatarian in order to enrich their bodies with the essential health benefits that…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
folate test
Folate test The Folate test measures and monitors the levels of folic acid in the blood. This test is also…
lipase test
Lipase Test A lipase test is a blood test performed to quantitatively measure the level of the enzyme lipase in…
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Can you get addicted to food? Learn everything about food addiction What is food addiction? How can people get addicted to eating? Is it an unhealthy eating habit or…
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Support and care tips for helping people with depression Read to find out what is depression, its causes and symptoms. Also check out the steps describing how…
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Kshar sutra treatment for piles, fissures and fistula Read to know the benefits and side effects of kshar sutra to treat anal piles, fissures, and fistula…
Splenda
Splenda Splenda is an artificial sweetener derived from Stevia plant extracts. It is low in calories and a popular…
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Your health in the age of Social Media: Why is digital detox a necessity? Did you know that more than 400 million people are dangerously addicted to social media? Are you one…
quinoa salad
Quinoa : A prodigious superfood you need to include in your diet today! Quinoa - what is so special about this native South American grain that has taken the world by…

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