Typhus


Last Updated December 20th, 2021

What is Typhus?

Vector-borne diseases are transmitted by insects or animals. They account for 17% of infectious diseases globally. A viral or a bacterial disease can be transmitted by any insect via contaminated water or food or even air. When such insects vectors bite, the infectious microbe gets injected into the body. Typhus fever is one such condition caused by fleas, lice, rats, squirrels, and chiggers.

  • Typhus fevers are diseases caused by rickettsial
  • These bacteria infect the fleas, lice, chiggers or even rats and squirrels.
  • After biting, upon scratching the bitten area, it opens up the skin giving more room for the bacteria to enter.

There are 3 types of typhus fevers:

  •  Scrub typhus – spread by chiggers spread
  • Murine typhus – spread by fleas
  • Epidemic typhus – spread by body lice

The incubation period for typhus is around 1 – 2 weeks.

What is a murine typhus fever?

Murine typhus is a disease caused by bacteria called Rickettsia typhi. It is also called endemic typhus or flea-borne typhus. The name murine means rats. So the main mammal host of murine typhus fevers are rats. It also spreads to people by contact with infected fleas. It largely happens when the infected feces are rubbed into the skin via cuts or upon scratching the skin.

What is an epidemic typhus fever?

Epidemic typhus, also called louse-borne typhus, is an uncommon disease caused by the bacteria called Rickettsia prowazekii. This type of typhus fever spreads through contact with infected body lice. It was an epidemic as it infected and caused millions of deaths ever since World War II.It affects those who reside in extremely crowded areas where the body lice can travel from one person to another.

What is scrub typhus fever?

Scrub typhus is also referred to as bush typhus. It is caused by the bacteria Orientiatsutsugamushi. It infects people via chiggers (larval mites) infected with this bacteria. An individual living in or traveling to areas prevalent in scrub typhus could be prone to the infection.

What are the symptoms associated with typhus fevers?

Murine typhus symptoms
  • Fever and chills
  • You will have body aches and experience muscle pain
  • You may also experience loss of appetite
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Stomach pain
  • Cough
  • Rashes occur on the 5th day of illness
Epidemic typhus symptoms
  • Fever and chills
  • Headache and confusions
  • You tend to breathe faster
  • Body and muscle aches
  • Rash
  • Cough
  • Nausea and vomiting
Scrub typhus symptoms
  • Fever and chills
  • Headache and also mental changes, ranging from confusion to coma
  • Body aches and muscle pain
  • The site of the insect bite appears dark, brown or blackish  that are hard dried out blood clots (a scab-like region called eschar)
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
  • Skin rashes tend to appear


How is a typhus infection diagnosed?

Most of them will recover with no treatment. Some cases might be severe and if left untreated, it can result in serious health damage to the liver, heart, kidneys, lungs, and brain. Inform your doctor if you have come in contact with any fleas, rats, or other insects are known to cause typhus.

Your doctor may carry out a blood test to look for murine typhus or other diseases. The testing and reporting may take several weeks. The doctor will advise you on the treatments even before the reports have come to minimize the severity of the infection.

Inform your doctor of the following aspects:

  • If you are living in a crowded environment
  • In case of a typhus outbreak in your community
  • If you have traveled abroad recently

Diagnosing typhus fever is very tricky as the symptoms might also be linked to the following diseases:

  • Dengue (a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus and is also known as breakbone fever. This disease is characterized by high fever, headache, rash and muscle, and joint pain).
  • Malaria (an infectious disease spread by mosquitoes. This disease is usually characterized by chills, fever, and sweating).
  • Brucellosis (an infectious disease caused by the bacteria named Brucella. It is characterized by joint and muscle pain, fever, weight loss, and fatigue)

Here are some of the diagnostic tests your doctor might undertake:

  • A biopsy of the affected skin will be analyzed.
  • Western blot – This is a test to determine the typhus causing bacterial proteins.
  • Immunofluorescence test: This is an imaging method that makes use of fluorescent dyes to detect specific typhus proteins.
  • Complement fixation (CF) test – A test to determine the presence of the typhus bacteria protein via color

What are the treatment options?

The treatment options are minimal. Here, the main target is the bacteria. So antibiotics will usually be prescribed by your doctor.

What are the complications of typhus fever?

If left untreated, the typhus fever can result in the following complications:

  • Hepatitis – inflammation of the liver
  • Gastrointestinal hemorrhage – bleeding inside the intestines
  • Hypovolemia – decrease in blood volume

How can you prevent murine typhus and scrub typhus?

There is no vaccine to prevent murine typhus or scrub typhus. Make sure the rodents and animals stay away from your home, workplace, and recreational areas. Keep your home clear from rock piles, junk, cluttered firewood, and piles of pet food. Wear gloves while handling sick or dead animals. If you are working outdoors or hiking or camping, use insect repellents approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Do not spray them on the skin under the clothing.

You can also use skin products containing N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) for insect repelling creams. You can apply this on your skin or on your clothing as well. Make sure that you follow the instructions properly. If you are using sunscreen, apply the sunscreen before applying insect repellent.

If you have a baby or child:

  • Typhus bacteriaMake sure that you dress your baby in clothing that covers arms and legs.
  • Cover the crib, stroller, and baby carrier with mosquito netting.
  • Insect repellent must not be used on babies younger than 2 months of age.
  • Ensure that you do not apply it on a child’s hands, eyes, or mouth or on cuts or irritated skin.
  • If you are applying it to a child’s face, first spray the insect repellent onto your hands and then apply to the child’s face.

Treat clothing, boots, and gear with permethrin (a medication used to treat scabies) or purchase permethrin-treated items. The advantage is that the treated clothing remains protective even after washing the clothing it many times. Never use permethrin products directly on the skin as these medications are designed for clothing. Maintain your pets free of any fleas. You can also use veterinarian-approved flea control products for cats and dogs like flea collars. Do not use permethrin on cats.

How to prevent epidemic typhus?

  • There is no vaccine to prevent epidemic typhus.
  • Avoid traveling or residing in overcrowded areas.
  • Have a bath and wear clean clothes regularly.
  • You must wash louse-infested clothing at least once a week. Wash the clothing either by machine wash or wash dry infested clothing and bedding using hot water (at least 130°F), and dry the clothes on high heat.
  • Dry clean the clothing items that are not washable.
  • Neither use nor share any clothing, beds, bedding, or towels with a person who has body lice or is infected with typhus.
  • Treat the bedding, uniforms, and other clothing with permethrin. You should know that permethrin kills lice and provides long-lasting protection for clothing even after multiple items of washing. Do not use permethrin products directly on the skin as it causes skin irritation.
  • You must refrain from any contact with flying squirrels and their nests.

An ayurvedic approach to typhus fever

There is a whole range of ayurvedic treatments available.

  • Mix lightly boiled cow’s milk with the broth of meat or broth of Phaseolusroxburghii.
  • Avoid consuming rice until the fever subsides.
  • Garlic acts as an excellent antibiotic. It heals many diseases and can be used to treat typhus.
  • You can mix garlic with lemon water or honey water and consume it. Garlic and honey contain flavonoids and phenols and other sulfur-based compounds that contribute to its antibiotic property.
  • You can also consume the fruit of Capsicum Frutescens( Red pepper). This is helpful for treating cholera, sore throat, malaria, typhus, etc.
  • The oil of Melissa officinalis or lemon balms is rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids. It is very good for colds, typhus fevers & chills.
  • Prepare a decoction of the roots and leaves of Andrographispaniculata. This plant is known as Kalamegha in Ayurveda. It is termed as the “King of bitter”. It is rich in flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and It helps in flushing out toxins. You can use this decoction to treat typhus fever because of its anti-inflammatory and as immunosuppressive proportions.

The final outcome…

Typhus fever is a bacterial infection caused by conveying entities like fleas, lice, flying squirrels, and even rats. It is usually characterized by fever, rash, cough, chills, nausea, vomiting, etc. Antibiotics are usually prescribed for this infection. Apart from this, you can also try home remedies to cope with the infection. You can prepare extracts with garlic or ginger or honey, etc., to help your body heal faster.

Simple things like sterilizing the clothing or items of an infected individual, keeping the house clean, having a bath and wearing clean clothes every day would be of great help in protecting yourself from typhus fever. Typhus is usually a treatable infection if treated on time.

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Maintain proper. Take a bath and wear clean clothes regularly.
  • Contain the movements of infected people in the house.
  • Do not scratch the typhus rash.
  • Try avoiding moving around in excessively crowded unhygienic places.
Don'ts
  • Share your towels, bedding, etc., with an infected individual.
  • Scratch the skin rash.
  • Go camping without proper precautions.
  • Apply permethrin on cats.

 

 

 

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Period sanitary napkin-menstruaion-blood-colors
Period blood – what it says about your health Your period blood color and consistency indicate what is happening in your body. Is your blood bright red…
social media adddiction
Your health in the age of Social Media: Why is digital detox a necessity? Did you know that more than 400 million people are dangerously addicted to social media? Are you one…
5 htp brain
5-htp: Is this the ultimate cure for those pesky migraines attacks? 5-htp is a supplement that is extracted from the plant Griffonia simplicifoli.  It is an amino acid that helps…
Find all the instant ways to get rid of blackheads Blackheads - Not only are they aesthetically unappealing but if left untreated these can cause bacterial overgrowth on…
Goji berry: A traditional Chinese berry that packs the best of antioxidants Goji berry is an ancient berry that is considered to be power-packed with nutrients and antioxidants. Which means…
What to eat, what not to eat in the South Beach Diet? The South Beach Diet is one among the most popular weight loss programs that have been the talk…
Pescatarian Diet 101: What are the inherent health advantages of this diet? People opt to become a pescatarian in order to enrich their bodies with the essential health benefits that…
Experts reveal the safest ways to perform an enema at home The idea of pushing some up your rectal area might make you queasy but an enema could actually…
How accurate is the hair follicle drug test? Hair follicle drug test is one of the best ways to identify drug use in professional circles. But…
Appendix pain: Recent findings on this not-so vestigial organ The exact function of the appendix is still not clear. Some consider it as an organ that once…
ASTtest-liver
AST- Aspartate Aminotransferase Test AST test is a blood test that is used to measure the level of a particular liver enzyme…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
ureteroscopy
Ureteroscopy Ureteroscopy is the diagnostic procedure which is used for the detection of the kidney stones in addition to…
AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS liver
Hepatitis Profile A hepatitis profile or a hepatitis panel is a blood test that checks for markers of hepatitis infection…
woman with abdominal pain holding ovulation calendar
Ovulation – facts to know about ovulation Learn how and when ovulation occurs, demystify common misconceptions, identify symptoms, methods of detection and right period for…
piles fissure fistula
Allopathy vs homeopathy vs ayurveda treatment for piles, fissures, and fistula Read to know the best form of treatment among allopathy, homeopathy,or ayurveda for piles, fissures, and fistula
The Shepherd's diet
Facts about the Shepherd’s diet Kristina Wilds promoted Shepherd's diet, a Christian-based diet that highlights Jesus Christ's diet as mentioned in the Bible.
Sweeteners-good or bad?
Sweeteners – Are They Good or Bad for Our Health? Sweeteners can be artificial and natural. Learn about the different types of sweeteners and their health benefits and…
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
improve digestion weight loss
Power up your gut: 8 proven steps on how to improve your digestion Did you know you have a colony of bacteria in your gut that help you in digesting food?…
nutritional yeast bread
Nutritional Yeast : How can a fungi culture be good for your body? Nutritional yeast: How a simple culture of fungi can transform your skin, digestion, immunity , and much more.…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
Salt dangers
Sodium chloride: The wonders and dangers of the simple table salt Sodium chloride is a salt containing sodium and chlorine ions at a 1:1 ratio. It is edible and…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
How can Kegels help you overcome weak pelvic muscles & incontinence? Kegel exercises are pelvic floor strengthening exercises that can help you overcome incontinence issues that rise out of…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
GERD heartburn
Heartburn: What are the exact symptoms and the best home remedies? There are easy home remedies for heartburn, which not only acts as a first aid when you experience…
Crossfit with rope
CrossFit: Now get the perfectly sculpted body with this explosive gym routine CrossFit is a fitness regimen that makes use of high-intensity exercises in a shorter period to achieve muscle…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
colposcopy
Colposcopy Colposcopy is a simple, quick and non- invasive diagnostic tool to look closely inside the vulva, vagina, and…
Bloodtestalbumin
Albumin Test Albumin test or blood serum test is a liver function test that measures the amount of the protein…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
Hepatitis A virus infected liver
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Total Blood test to look for IgM antibodies to know if you are infected with Hepatitis A virus (HAV),…
oral hygiene tips
6 shocking consequences of bad oral hygiene (and how to avoid them) Did you know bad breath is not just turning off, but also harms your body in ways you…
gout diet purines
Gout Diet : Get relief from painful joints by eating these foods Are you a victim of this painful condition? Are medications providing only short relief? Find a list of…
Is it possible to achieve full body detox with Master Cleanse? Master cleanse is a diet consisting of a lemonade based beverage, a salt water drink and a herbal…
Astaxanthin: Why experts believe it could be 550x more potent than vitamin E! What is astaxanthin and why is this new supplement on the block touted as the most powerful antioxidant…
How to scrub away stress and fatigue with an Epsom salt bath? Epsom salt is a popular home remedy for many skin ailments. Though there is a lack of scientific…
Ear pain model
Easy and safe tips for ear wax removal you can do at home Cerumen impaction generally occurs when an external object like cotton swabs are used to remove the ear wax.…
Balneotherapy jacuzzi
5 things you didn’t know about balneotherapy and how you can do it at home Sauna baths have been popular since a long time. But how much more beneficial can balneotherapy be as…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
Hysteroscopy_procedure
Hysteroscopy Hysteroscopy is a minimally invasive tool to help specialists view the uterus to diagnose and even treat several…
thyroxine t4 test
T4 (Thyroxine) Hormone Test The T4 or thyroxine blood test is an important diagnostic tool that gives a clear picture of how…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
Proteinuria and blood pressure
Hypertension Profile Hypertension profile is a panel of blood tests done to analyse the cause of hypertension or high blood…
High Fiber Diet – Fire up your fiber intake for these health benefits! Regular bowels, healthy detox, higher immunity, and guaranteed weight loss - a high fiber diet can bring all…
gallbladder diet tomato
Gallbladder surgery :Tips on post-operative care and diet What to eat post a gallbladder surgery? What are the key things to avoid if you had a…
edamame
Edamame: How healthy are these green baby beans? Edamame or "immature" soybeans are soft and easily digestable forms of soybeans that are great as an eveyday…
The right way to prepare Alfalfa sprouts at home Alfalfa or lusan ghas is not just a nutritious animal fodder. This flavonoid-rich herb has some amazing health…
CBC blood test
CBC (Hemogram 6-part diff) blood test CBC (Hemogram 6-part diff) blood test refers to the test that measures the number of RBCs, WBCs, etc…
blood elements analysis
Blood Element Analysis Test A blood element analysis is a blood test performed to measure the level of toxic elements such as…
helping friend with depression
Support and care tips for helping people with depression Read to find out what is depression, its causes and symptoms. Also check out the steps describing how…
boost immunity tips
Step up your defence: 15 proven tips on how to boost your immunity Want to naturally build up a stronger immunity? Tired of frequent colds and runny nose?You will never believe…
Amaranth: Why is this native Peruvian grain called the “crop of the future”? Full of healthy high proteins and gluten-free, the grain, Amaranth, the tasty and ancient pseudo cereal from Peru,…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
green poop causes
Green poop : What are the reasons and how can you correct it Ever sneak a peek down the toilet only to shockingly find green poop? Why does our poop turn…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
Bromelain: 11 reasons why you should start adding pineapple to your pizza! If you didn't love pineapples already, here are some of the top health benefits that bromelain can bring…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…

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