Skull Fracture

Skull fracture head injury

Last Updated January 4th, 2022

The most common symptoms of skull fracture include headache, bruise at the fracture site, bleeding from the wound, drowsiness, slurring of speech, and bleeding from the nose, ears, or mouth.
Majority of skull fractures generally heal on their own over a period of time. Pain may persist for few days and gradually dissipate. The complete healing process may last several months. A more severe skull fracture needs surgical intervention.
Skull fractures are broadly divided into four types namely linear skull fracture, depressed skull fracture, diastatic skull fracture, and basilar skull fracture. Linear skull fracture is the most commonly occurring skull fractures and generally requires minimal to no intervention.
CT scan of the head is the most common imaging test that is used to diagnose skull fractures. CT scan of the head can determine if there is any bleeding, inflammation, brain injury, and fracture in the skull. On the other hand, head x-ray can determine only the fracture in the head.

What is a skull fracture?

A skull fracture is defined as a break or discontinuity in any of the eight cranial bones. It mainly occurs due to sustained injury or blunt force trauma. The bones in the vicinity of the site of impact may also suffer a fracture if the intensity of the trauma is excessive. This may cause the underlying structures such as the blood vessels, the membrane and most important, the brain to get injured badly. An uncomplicated skull fracture may not give rise to severe damages, but it may lead to associated physical or neurological damage in future. If the impact of the blow is significant, it may lead to a concussion, possibly with the loss of consciousness.

 

Which parts of the skull are impacted?

Skull fracture xrayThe following cranial structures are impacted by a skull fracture-

  • Frontal bone (thin squamous layer)
  • Parietal bone (thin squamous layer)
  • Temporal bone
  • Occipital bone
  • Sphenoid sinus and wings
  • Ethmoid bone
  • Lamina externa
  • Foramen magnum
  • Petrous temporal ridge
  • Diploe
  • Glabella
  • External occipital protuberance
  • Middle cranial fossa
  • Anterior cranial fossa (roof of the orbits)
  • Posterior cranial fossa (the area between mastoid and dural sinuses)
  • Mastoid processes
  • Cribriform plate

 

What are the main causes of skull fracture?

The common causes of skull fracture are as follows-

 

Different types of skull fractures

  • Linear skull fracture: Linear skull fractures are the breaks or discontinuities in the bone that extend from the outer to the inner table of the skull and cover almost the entire thickness of the skull. These fractures are almost straight and hence the name linear. Bone displacements do not take place in this case. The linear fractures usually arise from blunt force trauma, wherein the impact energy is transmitted over a wide area of the skull.

Linear skull fractures are usually uncomplicated. In those cases where the venous sinus groove or the vascular channel is involved, the linear fractures are serious and need medical intervention. These conditions may lead to certain associated complications like diastasis, epidural hematoma, and venous sinus thrombosis. In very small children, the skull fracture may grow, especially if it takes place in the parietal bone.

  • Depressed skull fracture: This type of fracture also results from blunt force trauma, such as getting struck in the head by an object. These are basically comminuted fractures wherein the broken bone fragments are moved inwards. These types of fractures increase the risks of pressure on the brain or brain hemorrhage. Both these conditions can lead to severe damage to the delicate tissue.

Different types of depressed skull fractures

Skull fracture head injuryMinor depressed skull fractures are uncomplicated. But there is another type of skull fracture which has serious consequences. It is known as compound depressed skull fracture. In this case, there is a laceration over the fracture, that exposes the internal cranial cavity to the outer environment. This consequently increases the possibilities of infection and contamination.The depressed fractures where the dura mater is torn are known as the complex depressed fractures. Surgical interventions are necessary in these cases to lift the bone fragments off the brain.

  • Diastatic skull fractures: In these cases, widening of the sutures of the skull occurs after one or more sutures of the skull get impacted by the progressing fracture line. In adults, a diastatic fracture severely affects the lambdoidal suture. This happens because this suture does not completely close or fuse in the adults before the age of 60.
  • Basilar skull fracture: These are found on the floor of the cranial vault, that is, the skull base. This is caused by a greater force than the remaining parts of the neurocranium. The characteristic features of basilar skull fracture are – blood in the sinuses, leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the nose (rhinorrhea) or from the ears (otorrhea), periorbital ecchymosis (bruising of the orbits of the eye)
  • Growing skull fracture: It is also known as a Leptomeningeal cyst or Craniocerebral erosion. It is typically observed in older children in the atypical regions of the skull such as the basioccipital region and is often associated with other types of skull fractures. It is called growing fracture because a diastatic enlargement of the fracture can be seen.
  • Cranial burst skull fracture: It is a closed diastatic skull fracture normally observed in children less than a year old. It is characterized by a diastatic skull fracture with cerebral extrusion beyond the external table of the skull under the scalp.

Compound elevated skull fracture

It is a rare category of skull fracture where the fractured or injured bone is raised above the intact outer table of the skull. The underlying meninges is badly affected in this case.

 

Diagnosis

The following diagnostic tests can detect the occurrence of skull fracture-

  • MRI scan
  • CT scan
  • Radiography

 

Treatment & Prevention

Skull fracture treatmentThe treatment of skull fractures is quite different from that of other types of fractures. The exact treatment method depends upon a variety of factors such as the extent of the injury, type of skull fracture, age and overall health of the patient. In many cases, the skull heals by itself. The patient is given pain-killer medicines such as Tylenol. If there is an excess leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid from the brain (nasal fracture), a surgery might be required. If the skull fracture is of the depressed category (broken pieces of skull pushed inwards), then surgery is a mandate. It takes a minimum of 6 weeks for the skull to heal on its own.

Skull injuries and fracture can be largely prevented by wearing protective headgear while riding a bike or playing high impact sports. If working in a place, where the safety of your skull could be compromised (construction site), then it is important to wear a helmet all the time.

 
 

The most common symptoms of skull fracture include headache, bruise at the fracture site, bleeding from the wound, drowsiness, slurring of speech, and bleeding from the nose, ears, or mouth.
Majority of skull fractures generally heal on their own over a period of time. Pain may persist for few days and gradually dissipate. The complete healing process may last several months. A more severe skull fracture needs surgical intervention.
Skull fractures are broadly divided into four types namely linear skull fracture, depressed skull fracture, diastatic skull fracture, and basilar skull fracture. Linear skull fracture is the most commonly occurring skull fractures and generally requires minimal to no intervention.
CT scan of the head is the most common imaging test that is used to diagnose skull fractures. CT scan of the head can determine if there is any bleeding, inflammation, brain injury, and fracture in the skull. On the other hand, head x-ray can determine only the fracture in the head.

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Seek immediate medical help if there is bleeding from ears and/or nose after a trauma or injury to head.
  • Rush to the hospital if the injured person experiences nausea after a head injury and shows signs of slurred speech and blurred vision.
Don'ts
  • Move the injured individual. Wait for medical help to arrive.
  • Remove any protruding objects from the site of the injury.
  • Administer any drug or medication without the consultation of the doctor.

 

 

 

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9 benefits of walking we bet you didn’t know! Did you know walking can be the miracle pill for eternal youth? Everyone knows walking is good for…
How to correctly perform nasal irrigation using a Neti Pot? Neti pot has been a part of Ayurveda since centuries. This ancient tool is extremely effective in treating…
Experts reveal the safest ways to perform an enema at home The idea of pushing some up your rectal area might make you queasy but an enema could actually…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
GERD heartburn
Heartburn: What are the exact symptoms and the best home remedies? There are easy home remedies for heartburn, which not only acts as a first aid when you experience…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
anoscopy
Anoscopy Anoscopy is an invasive diagnostic procedure where a small device known as anoscope will be inserted in the…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
Diabetes blood test
Diabetic Profile The diabetic profile is a set of tests used for testing and monitoring the various kinds of Diabetes…
Hymenoplasty
Hymenoplasty Read on to find out all about hymenoplasty, the procedure, post-surgery care, the risks, and the benefits.
oral hygiene tips
6 shocking consequences of bad oral hygiene (and how to avoid them) Did you know bad breath is not just turning off, but also harms your body in ways you…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
ashwagandha brain
Ashwagandha: The best-kept secret of Ayurveda now revealed! Ashwagandha literally means "smell of horse". Don't get bogged down by that one tiny detail because this ayurveduic…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
glucose-tolerance
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test – GTT Glucose tolerance test (or Oral GTT) is used to detect the onset of diabetes or prediabetes conditions. It…
blood elements analysis
Blood Element Analysis Test A blood element analysis is a blood test performed to measure the level of toxic elements such as…
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPIDANTIBODY(APL)_IgG
Antiphospholipid (APL) antibody-IgG The Antiphospholipid Antibody testing is a blood test used to determine an autoimmune disorder called Antiphospholipid syndrome linked…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
Okra: How can this nutrient-dense vegetable help you fight diabetes? Okra is a food which is rich in nutrients and minerals which are extremely essential for a healthy…
Hepatitis A virus infected liver
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Total Blood test to look for IgM antibodies to know if you are infected with Hepatitis A virus (HAV),…
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…
sugar toxic health
Sugar: 7 new shocking truths revealed about the sweet poison Can drinking soda bring you closer to death? Is sugar slowly poisoning you and your family? You would…
L-theanine attention
L-Theanine: Better sleep, higher focus, and many other benefits Did you know that L-theanine found in green tea can make you sleep better and be focused at…
aspartame or sugar
Aspartame – Hidden truths about this storm in a teacup Aspartame, the artificial sweetener, has gone under the scanner on several occasions for allegedly doing more harm than…
High Fiber Diet – Fire up your fiber intake for these health benefits! Regular bowels, healthy detox, higher immunity, and guaranteed weight loss - a high fiber diet can bring all…
DHEA wrinkles
DHEA: Now get unbelievable age defiance with this wonder hormone! DHEA is known popularly as the age-defying hormone. This supplement is widely used to slow down aging and…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Cayenne: The remarkable benefits of these red hot chili peppers These may make you rush for a glass of water, but cayenne pepper is actually a healthy additive…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
Pescatarian Diet 101: What are the inherent health advantages of this diet? People opt to become a pescatarian in order to enrich their bodies with the essential health benefits that…
shakeology woman
Meal replacement or protein drink? Learn all about Shakeology and its claims Shakeology from Beachbody claims to be the most suitable shake that can aid in weight loss, regulate blood…
ASTtest-liver
AST- Aspartate Aminotransferase Test AST test is a blood test that is used to measure the level of a particular liver enzyme…
hemoglobin variant analysis
Hemoglobin Variant Analysis Hemoglobin variant analysis is a blood test that is used to detect the presence of hemoglobin variants which…
cystatin C
Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a specific single-chain protein that is found in body fluids and is a biomarker for…
piles fissure fistula
Allopathy vs homeopathy vs ayurveda treatment for piles, fissures, and fistula Read to know the best form of treatment among allopathy, homeopathy,or ayurveda for piles, fissures, and fistula
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
lose weight fast
12 easy and instant steps to successful weight loss Do you want to lose weight without losing your mind? Does weight loss always mean saying goodbye to…

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