Anal fistula

Rectum fistula

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

What is an anal fistula?

An anal fistula is a narrow tunnel between an infected gland in the anorectal region to the skin surrounding the anus (perianal skin). Fistulas are a result of an accumulation of pus or abscess in the tissue close to the anus. Patients with this condition generally report discomfort, inflammation, skin irritation and pain in the anal region. Anal fistulas need medical intervention and do not heal by themselves. Most treatment for fistulas involves surgery and medication.

The human body excretes faeces through the external opening called the anus. The anal region contains numerous glands in small sizes that secrete mucus. It is possible that these glands can be clogged, which eventually leads to infection. The infection causes pus to form which leads to an abscess. Nearly 50% of these abscesses have the possibility of developing into a fistula.

Many people get confused between anal fissures, fistula, and hemorrhoids. Read in detail about them to know the exact causes, symptoms, and treatment.

Symptoms of an anal fistula

The following symptoms give an indication of the presence of an anal fistula :

  • Pain while having a bowel movement
  • Irritation in the skin around the anal region
  • Pus and blood in the stools
  • Foul smelling discharge from the anal area
  • Discomfort and nagging pain that increases with movement. Severe pain while sitting, sneezing or coughing.
  • Regular abscess in the anal area
  • Inflammation and redness in the anal area
  • Fever especially with an abscess
  • In rare cases, bowel incontinence also occurs
  • Hole on the skin near the anus, which marks the end of the fistula and is visible during physical examination
  • Fatigue

Take a medical opinion in case you suffer from any of the above symptoms.

What are the important causes behind anal fistula?

The anus contains many glands that produce fluid. There is a possibility that these glands can be clogged. The clogged glands can result in the growth of bacteria and the accumulation of fluid. This can lead to inflamed tissue, which is medically called an abscess.

An untreated abscess develops into a fistula. Usually, when the abscess does not heal, it needs to find a way to drain out the infected fluid or pus. This will punch a hole on the skin near the anus to drain the pus out. The fistula is a tunnel that attaches the gland to the opening on the skin in the anal region.

Although the leading cause of anal fistula is blocked anal glands and abscess, yet sometimes they can develop due to the presence of certain medical conditions or circumstances.

  • Tuberculosis
  • Sexually transmitted disease
  • Cancer
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Trauma
  • Radiation

What are the best methods adopted by medical specialists to diagnose anal fistula?

Not all fistulas are easy to spot. If your doctor suspects you have an anal fistula, a physical exam and a consultation to know your medical history will be the first few steps towards diagnosis.

During the medical examination, the doctor will check for pus and oozing. It is possible that the doctor conducts an internal anal examination by sticking a finger inside your anus.

A proctologist is equipped to perform few tests to have a confirmed diagnosis of anal fistula. The following tests may be conducted:

Anal ultrasound

In this process, high-frequency sound waves capture the surface of the anal canal in imaging forms

Proctoscopy

Doctors perform proctoscopy to view the opening of the tract in the anal canal. In this process, the proctologist uses a specialised telescope with an attached fistula probe, which helps view inside the rectum

MRI and CT scan

In the case of a complex fistula, doctors use MRI imaging to check the anatomy of the tract. Additionally, these tests can also help the proctologist evaluate the extent of inflammation of the anal lining.

You may need to consult a colon and rectal specialist. In some cases,  a colonoscopy is also recommended. A colonoscopy is conducted under anaesthesia.

What are some of the clinical features of an anal fistula?

Generally, anal fistula presents in two ways. Either it presents as irregular or constant discharge of blood, pus, mucus or faeces into the perineum or there is repeated anal abscess. During clinical examination, your doctor may find an external opening on the perineum. The external hole in some cases could be completely open or there could be a granulation tissue cover on it. Doctors conduct a digital rectal investigation and may find the presence of a fibrous tract beneath the skin. 

What are the types of anal fistula ?

There are four types of anal fistulas.

  1. Complete Fistula – Has two openings one that opens internally and another externally
  2. Horseshoe Fistula – This is close to the anus and has a semi-circular tract around the rectum
  3. Blind Fistula – The opening is only one at the end and connects two structures
  4. Incomplete Fistula – In this type of anal fistula, a tube begins from the skin that is shut on the inside and  does not have any connection with any  internal structure

What is the best form of treatment for anal fistula ?

Surgery is the best treatment option for anal fistula. Fistulas do not heal on their own. It is important to know all the treatment options available. Discuss with your surgeon about the potential risks of any procedure they advise. Most of the treatment procedures can be performed in a doctor’s clinic.

Doctors generally use a plug during the surgery to close a simple fistula  after cutting open the skin and muscle surrounding the tunnel. The opening heals faster this way.

In cases where the fistula is more complicated, the specialist uses a tube called the seton. This tube is put into the opening and it drains out the infected fluid before surgery. The position of the fistula is important. The decision to cut into the sphincter muscles (muscles in charge of opening and closing the anus) will depend on the position of the fistula. Though doctors try their best not to damage them, the surgery may hamper the ability to control bowel movements.

There are various procedures to treat anal fistula but the type of procedure is dependent on the position of the fistula. Initially, your doctor may need to conduct the preliminary examination under the influence of anaesthesia to decide the best way to treat anal fistula.

Some of the options in the treatment of anal fistula are listed below:

Fistulotomy

Fistulotomy is the common surgery for anal fistulas. During this procedure, doctors cut the complete length of the fistula. This way the fistula is fully opened up. It appears like a flat scar and promotes faster healing. This form of treatment is only possible if the fistula does not pass through much of the anal sphincter muscles. Doctors always want to minimise the risk of bowel incontinence.

Seton techniques

This technique is used by the surgeon if the fistula passes through a major part of the anal sphincter muscle. Initially, the surgeon may insert a seton.   During this procedure, a piece of surgical thread called a seton is left in the fistula for many weeks. The main intention is to keep the fistula open and allow it to heal. This method intends to avoid surgically cutting the sphincter muscles.

Doctors may employ loose seton or tight ones depending upon the nature of the fistula. Several procedures may be needed until the fistula completely heals. Each time they may open a tiny part of the fistula.

Advancement flap procedure

This procedure may be in the reckoning if the fistula happens to pass through the anal sphincter and the risk of bowel incontinence is very high with a fistulotomy.

In this procedure, the surgeon cuts and scrapes out the fistula. The hole where it enters the bowel is covered with a flap of tissue. The tissue is taken from inside the rectum. The rectum is the last part of the bowel.

The advancement flap procedure helps avoid cutting the anal sphincter muscles. Compared to a fistulotomy, this procedure does not enjoy a good success rate.

LIFT procedure

LIFT which is ‘ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract ‘ is adopted as a  treatment for fistulas that pass through anal sphincter muscles. This procedure is used if surgeons feel that a fistulotomy is a risky option.

Surgeons make an incision in the skin above the fistula. Next, the surgeon parts the sphincter muscles and then the fistula is closed at both its ends and cut open. It remains flat.  This procedure has shown a good success rate although it is a recent procedure. We still need more statistics to prove its efficacy.

Endoscopic ablation

This procedure involves inserting a tube with a camera, called an endoscope in the fistula. Through the endoscope, an electrode is passed to close and seal the fistula. Endoscopic ablation enjoys a good success rate and is also considered very safe.

Laser surgery

A laser beam that emits laser fibre radically to seal the fistulas, is the core of this treatment procedure. This form of treatment is not risky. Laser-assisted technique is in fact considered to be highly effective in treating anal fistula. Patients recover faster without the need to make frequent visits to the hospital.

Fibrin glue

This type of treatment happens to be the only non-surgical method of treatment for anal fistulas.

During this treatment method, the surgeon injects glue into the fistula under the influence of anaesthesia. The glue works to seal the fistula and promotes faster healing. This treatment is not considered as effective as fistulotomy in the management of simple fistulas. The results may not be as far-reaching too. Surgeons select fibrin glue usually to treat fistulas that are passing through the anal sphincter muscles. Surgeons try to avoid cutting the anal sphincter muscles unless it is necessary.

Bioprosthetic plug

In this procedure, surgeons insert a bioprosthetic plug. This plug is shaped like a cone and is made of animal tissue. This plug is used to block the fistula opening. This procedure is mostly successful and is also considered fairly safe.

What are the most significant risks of anal fistula surgery?

Treatment for anal fistula, like other forms of treatment, carries few risks of complications.  The extent of risks will largely depend on the position of the fistula and the type of surgical procedure undergone. Before you decide on the treatment option, always know the risks and complications of the surgical procedure envisaged.

The risks hover mainly around infection post-treatment or major side effects. Complications post-surgery can include adverse reactions to the anaesthetic, bleeding and risk of infection.  

Some of the major risks of fistula surgery are as follows:

  • Prolonged healing time post-surgery: Most wounds heal within 6 weeks of surgery. In some cases, wounds may take longer to heal and this is one of the risks of surgery for anal fistula.
  • Difficulty in bowel movements due to narrowing of the anal canal
  • Infection – The risk of infection after the surgery to treat anal fistula cannot be ruled out. Doctors usually treat any infection with a course of antibiotics. If the infection is severe, the patient may require hospital admission.
  • Relapse or reappearance of fistula – even though surgery was performed, sometimes the fistula can resurface.
  • Bowel incontinence or losing the control over bowel movement – This is a real risk present with most forms of treatment for anal fistulas. In very rare cases, patients suffer severe bowel incontinence.

What are the steps to follow for post-operative care and recovery?

The recovery time after a surgery for treatment of anal fistula is largely dependent on the type of surgery as well as its complexity. The position of the fistula also plays a role.

Usually, the specialist recommends guidelines to be followed during post-operative care. In most of the cases post-surgery, the wound heals within 6 weeks.

Some of the post-operative guidelines are as follows :

  • For pain relief, patients can take over-the counter pain relievers. Ibuprofen or Paracetamol is adequate
  • Any pain during bowel movements should not be ignored and needs medical attention
  • Clean the wound by washing it many times during the day. Take care to softly  pat it dry and no force or rubbing is advisable on the operated area. Sometimes discharge can leak and can spoil the clothes. An extra gauze cover may be used to protect
  • The wound dressing needs to be changed regularly
  • For first few weeks after the surgery, avoid sexual intercourse
  • Gentle exercise is recommended so that there is no pressure on the healing process

Are there any side effects after the treatment for anal fistula?

Patients that have undergone treatment for anal fistula may experience the following side effects, which may disappear in few days once the healing process kick starts.

  • Site of the wound may feel sore
  • Diarrhoea
  • Constipation
  • Cramping
  • Nausea

Any severe pain while passing motion or a bowel movement should be reported.

Can anal fistula be prevented?

The main cause of anal fistula is the formation of abscesses. Although there is very little one can do to prevent an anal fistula, there are certain steps that can be followed to prevent the formation of abscesses in the anorectal area.

  • Maintain good hygiene and cleanliness in the anal region
  • Do not clean the anal region excessively
  • Consume a high fibre diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables
  • Adopt a habit of regular bowel movements to prevent  constipation

How to ensure emotional well-being for those undergoing treatment for anal fistula?

It is not easy for anyone living with an anal fistula. The entire process right from diagnosis to recovery is gradual and this can be quite frustrating. The condition can negatively affect a person’s quality of life. It may be heartening to know that fistula surgery is mostly successful. Further, the rates of recurrence of anal fistulas are relatively low.  There are many surgical treatment options for this condition. The positive aspect is, this condition is not permanent.

People going through this condition can get a lot of support from others with similar experiences.

Best treatment options for anal fistula

Treatment for anal fistula is done in two ways. It can be treated with open surgery or using laser technique.

Anal fistulas heal well after surgery, and it is, therefore, the go-to treatment for this medical condition.  A number of hospitals, nursing homes and clinics offer surgeries for anal fistula.

Further, hospitals offering surgery for anal fistula are well equipped with the latest technology and tools that help deliver best care to patients. Medical surgeons treating fistula are highly experienced and can effectively manage any complications related to the fistula.  Patients can avail the best treatment without worrying about medical bills.

Hospitals offer complete treatment right from consultation to prepare for surgery and post-operative care. Patients approaching hospitals for advice get the following:

  • Patient profiling or getting the complete medical history of the patient
  • Selecting experienced specialist and slotting the appointment for consultation
  • Discussing current trends in treatment of anal fistula with the best form of treatment  
  • Facilitating   medical insurance if any
  • Enabling post-surgery care to expedite healing
  • Enabling consultation on diet and nutrition
  • Tips to prevent fistulas from recurring

 

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos

Maintain anal hygiene
Regularly exercise for 30 minutes at least
Keep well hydrated
Consume a healthy diet with adequate fruits and vegetables

Don'ts

Strain while passing stool
Put off the urge to poo
Delay medical advice for anal fistula
Attempt self-care for anal fistula
Ignore pain during bowel movements after surgery for anal fistula
Ignore constipation

 

 

 

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Caralluma Fimbriata: How to eat this cactus to lose weight Caralluma fimbriata is a miracle cactus that can be safely consumed by most for losing weight and boosting…
Anti-CCP Test – Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Anti-ccp or ACCP test is a blood test that is primarily employed to diagnose the onset of rheumatoid…
blood ketone test
Blood Ketone (D3HB) Test The Blood Ketone Test measures and monitors the levels of ketone in the blood which is usually performed…
immunoglobulin M
Immunoglobulin M Test Immunoglobulin M is the largest and the first produced antibody which helps in the prevention or fighting of…
Jicama: A fiber-rich tuber for your weight loss goals Pronouced as HEE-kah-ma, Jicama is the "new kid on the block" that has taken the world by the…
Carb Cycling: Weighing the pros vs the cons of this diet routine Completely discarding carbs from your life will do you more harm than good. Read more about carb cycling,…
Ear pain model
Easy and safe tips for ear wax removal you can do at home Cerumen impaction generally occurs when an external object like cotton swabs are used to remove the ear wax.…
Bubble Tea: Bubbling with nutrition or a hidden sugar mine? The tapioca pearls present in the tea looks like bubbles and hence the name bubble tea became popular.…
Balneotherapy jacuzzi
5 things you didn’t know about balneotherapy and how you can do it at home Sauna baths have been popular since a long time. But how much more beneficial can balneotherapy be as…
CT-scan-machine
CT – Computed Tomography Scan CT scan or computed tomography scan is an diagnostic imaging technique where cross-sectional images of body are obtained…
Bloodtestalbumin
Albumin Test Albumin test or blood serum test is a liver function test that measures the amount of the protein…
Rubella IgM test
Rubella IgM Test The Rubella IgM test is a blood test that is performed to diagnose the presence of the rubella…
Thyroid disorders
Thyroid Profile Thyroid profile is a panel of blood tests performed to check if an individual is suffering from any…
rosacea-treatment--before-_-after
The best and safest ways to treat rosacea Rosacea is a skin disease that is characterized by reddish hives and rashes on the face. Read more…
What to eat, what not to eat in the South Beach Diet? The South Beach Diet is one among the most popular weight loss programs that have been the talk…
Tamarind: The top health benefits of this staple Asian ingredient Did you know this sweet and sour pulpy fruit does more than just add a tangy flavor to…
The Cabbage Soup Diet: The healthiest way to instant weight loss Cabbage soup diet rapid weight loss diet for those who want to shed those extra pounds in less…
SIBO Diet: The important dos and don’ts of this gut-healing diet A SIBO diet is a diet that works by eliminating certain sugars from your diet and adding fibers…
Sputum test Sputum test is a commonly used diagnostic tool that is used to examine the presence of pathogens in…
woman with abdominal pain holding ovulation calendar
Ovulation – facts to know about ovulation Learn how and when ovulation occurs, demystify common misconceptions, identify symptoms, methods of detection and right period for…
hidden causes obesity
8 hidden causes of obesity you probably didn’t know! Did you know that around 2 billion people worldwide are either overweight or obese? Are you too a…
sleep deprivation
Don’t let your sleep deficit grow into memory loss or heart attack Why is sleep important for us? How could sleep deprivation harm you? We bet you didn't know about…
Jack in the box fast food
Jack In the Box : The perils of surging fast food culture in the USA Jack in the Box - How a culture of fast-food can clog your arteries, weaken your heart, fatten…
Juice Plus: Can you really replace actual fruits with pills?  Juice Plus supplements intend to fill nutritional gaps present in our daily diet. But how successful have they…
Shilajit: A miracle Himalayan herb for an active and happy life The Himalayas contain more wonders than you thought. Shilajit is a miracle herb that is widely used in…
Did you know drinking alkaline water could be the healthier choice for you? Ever wondered how safe is your drinking water in terms of pH? Recent studies have revealed that Alkaline…
Urologist: When should you visit one and why? A urologist can treat not only genitourinary problems of both men and women but also can treat various…
LFT-test
Liver Function Test – LFT LFT or Liver Function Test is a blood test used to determine the levels of hepatic enzymes which…
shiitake mushrooms healthy
What are Shiitake Mushrooms and why should you eat them? Shiitake Mushrooms are well known for their smoky and robust taste. However, did you know they are replete…
Hymenoplasty
Hymenoplasty Read on to find out all about hymenoplasty, the procedure, post-surgery care, the risks, and the benefits.
GM Diet: The fastest way to lose weight or yet another hoax diet? General Motors started this trend of extreme dieting for 7 straight days to ensure its employees were able…
Psyllium Husk: More than just an effective natural laxative Psyllium husk, or isabgol, is a popular natural laxative . But did you in addition to regulating bowels,…
Goji berry: A traditional Chinese berry that packs the best of antioxidants Goji berry is an ancient berry that is considered to be power-packed with nutrients and antioxidants. Which means…
Tart Cherry: The healthiest excuse for taking that second serving of pie Tart cherry has been traditionally used in delectable desserts such as pies. Recent studies have revealed that its…
Coffee Enema: Turn your favorite morning beverage into a powerful colon cleanser The wonders of coffee are not just limited to waking you up every morning. You can now use…
CEA_test
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test CEA or carcinoembryonic test detects the presence of CEA antigen in your blood mainly & determines the effectiveness…
amylase test
Amylase Test Amylase test is done by checking the level of this protein in the blood sample and also in…
antiHEV IgM test
Anti hepatitis E virus (Anti HEV) IgM Test Anti HEV IgM test determines the level of the IgM antibodies in the blood, The disease is often…
sodium blood test
Blood Sodium Test A blood sodium test measures the amount of sodium (an important electrolyte) in your body. It is also…
leptospira Igm test
Leptospira-IgM Test A Leptospira-IgM test is a blood test which is carried out to detect anti-Leptospira IgM antibody. Leptospirosis is…
hidden benefits walking
9 benefits of walking we bet you didn’t know! Did you know walking can be the miracle pill for eternal youth? Everyone knows walking is good for…
How to correctly perform nasal irrigation using a Neti Pot? Neti pot has been a part of Ayurveda since centuries. This ancient tool is extremely effective in treating…
Experts reveal the safest ways to perform an enema at home The idea of pushing some up your rectal area might make you queasy but an enema could actually…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
GERD heartburn
Heartburn: What are the exact symptoms and the best home remedies? There are easy home remedies for heartburn, which not only acts as a first aid when you experience…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
blood elements analysis
Blood Element Analysis Test A blood element analysis is a blood test performed to measure the level of toxic elements such as…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
anoscopy
Anoscopy Anoscopy is an invasive diagnostic procedure where a small device known as anoscope will be inserted in the…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
Diabetes blood test
Diabetic Profile The diabetic profile is a set of tests used for testing and monitoring the various kinds of Diabetes…
oral hygiene tips
6 shocking consequences of bad oral hygiene (and how to avoid them) Did you know bad breath is not just turning off, but also harms your body in ways you…
Dragon Fruit – Blessing from Nature’s Basket Dragon fruit is packed with nutrients but low on calories. It is the dream food that can help…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
ashwagandha brain
Ashwagandha: The best-kept secret of Ayurveda now revealed! Ashwagandha literally means "smell of horse". Don't get bogged down by that one tiny detail because this ayurveduic…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
Cayenne: The remarkable benefits of these red hot chili peppers These may make you rush for a glass of water, but cayenne pepper is actually a healthy additive…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
glucose-tolerance
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test – GTT Glucose tolerance test (or Oral GTT) is used to detect the onset of diabetes or prediabetes conditions. It…
ASTtest-liver
AST- Aspartate Aminotransferase Test AST test is a blood test that is used to measure the level of a particular liver enzyme…
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPIDANTIBODY(APL)_IgG
Antiphospholipid (APL) antibody-IgG The Antiphospholipid Antibody testing is a blood test used to determine an autoimmune disorder called Antiphospholipid syndrome linked…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
Okra: How can this nutrient-dense vegetable help you fight diabetes? Okra is a food which is rich in nutrients and minerals which are extremely essential for a healthy…
Hepatitis A virus infected liver
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Total Blood test to look for IgM antibodies to know if you are infected with Hepatitis A virus (HAV),…
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…
sugar toxic health
Sugar: 7 new shocking truths revealed about the sweet poison Can drinking soda bring you closer to death? Is sugar slowly poisoning you and your family? You would…
L-theanine attention
L-Theanine: Better sleep, higher focus, and many other benefits Did you know that L-theanine found in green tea can make you sleep better and be focused at…
aspartame or sugar
Aspartame – Hidden truths about this storm in a teacup Aspartame, the artificial sweetener, has gone under the scanner on several occasions for allegedly doing more harm than…
High Fiber Diet – Fire up your fiber intake for these health benefits! Regular bowels, healthy detox, higher immunity, and guaranteed weight loss - a high fiber diet can bring all…
gallbladder diet tomato
Gallbladder surgery :Tips on post-operative care and diet What to eat post a gallbladder surgery? What are the key things to avoid if you had a…
DHEA wrinkles
DHEA: Now get unbelievable age defiance with this wonder hormone! DHEA is known popularly as the age-defying hormone. This supplement is widely used to slow down aging and…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
How can berberine supplements help you live longer and healthier? Berberine is a turmeric look-alike herbal extract that is credited with numerous health benefits ranging from diabetes cure…
Pescatarian Diet 101: What are the inherent health advantages of this diet? People opt to become a pescatarian in order to enrich their bodies with the essential health benefits that…
Mood swings
The real reasons for your mood swings and how to overcome them Are you prone to heated moods frequently? Do you also feel bouts of depressive feeling creeping up on…
shakeology woman
Meal replacement or protein drink? Learn all about Shakeology and its claims Shakeology from Beachbody claims to be the most suitable shake that can aid in weight loss, regulate blood…
hemoglobin variant analysis
Hemoglobin Variant Analysis Hemoglobin variant analysis is a blood test that is used to detect the presence of hemoglobin variants which…
cystatin C
Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a specific single-chain protein that is found in body fluids and is a biomarker for…
piles fissure fistula
Allopathy vs homeopathy vs ayurveda treatment for piles, fissures, and fistula Read to know the best form of treatment among allopathy, homeopathy,or ayurveda for piles, fissures, and fistula
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…

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