Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism goitre

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview of hyperthyroidism

The thyroid gland is a vital organ of the human body. It has a number of critical functions such as regulation of metabolism and temperature. It also plays an important role in the normal growth and development of an individual. Dysfunctions of the thyroid gland may lead to multiple endocrinal disorders and disrupt healthy living. Thyroid disorders are becoming increasingly common in all age groups, genders, and ethnic groups.

The reports of the American Thyroid Association reveal that nearly 200 million cases of thyroid disorders have been reported worldwide in the year 2016. In many cases reported in the underdeveloped countries, thyroid diseases even progressed to thyroid cancers due to poor diagnosis and lack of treatment. “Hyperthyroidism” is a common form of thyroid disorder that is contributing largely to the global health burden at present. This article will discuss the different aspects of hyperthyroidism in details.

Definition of hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism goitreHyperthyroidism is a serious medical condition arising from overstimulation of the thyroid gland that causes the production of excess thyroid hormone within the body. The thyroid gland normally generates two types of thyroid hormones- Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). After being released into the bloodstream, a major portion of the Thyroxine hormone gets converted into Triiodothyronine, which is the active thyroid hormone regulating body temperature and metabolism. Under hyperthyroidism conditions, thyroid hormones much more than that required by the body is secreted. This results in an elevated level of thyroid hormones in the blood. This condition is medically termed as “thyrotoxicosis”.

The excess thyroid hormones are transferred to different parts of the body via the circulating blood. They henceforth impact the different vital organs and tissues of the body adversely. Hyperthyroidism conditions are more 5-10 times more prevalent in women than in men. About 15% cases of Hyperthyroidism are observed in people above 60 years of age (source: reports of American Thyroid Association).

Causes of hyperthyroidism

The following factors have been identified as the main causes of hyperthyroidism-

  • Excess production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland (as in Grave’s disease)
  • Autoimmune disorders that stimulate the thyroid gland to release more thyroid hormones
  • Abnormal activities of the thyroid gland due to diseases of the endocrine system or some functional abnormalities of the pituitary gland
  • Presence of benign tumors (follicular adenomas) in the thyroid gland can lead to overproduction of thyroid hormones
  • Infection and inflammation of the thyroid gland due to viral infection
  • An unregulated release of thyroid hormones during or after pregnancy (usually cured by hormone-replacement therapy)
  • High iodine intake through regular diet (Eg: iodine salt)
  • Some medications like Pacerone, Cordarone, and Kelp tablets which are used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders
  • An overdose of thyroid hormones in patients undergoing Hormone-Replacement therapy
  • Tumors present in the pituitary gland that causes excess secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormones (TSH)
  • Prolonged exposure to different ionizing radiations used for the treatment of other diseases
  • Addictive habits like smoking and alcohol consumption (can worsen Hyperthyroidism)
  • Stress (negligible contribution)

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism symptomsHyperthyroidism is manifested through the following symptoms-

  • Abnormally increased heart rate (sometimes more than 100 beats per minute)
  • Tremor and shaking
  • Abnormal weight loss (even after having a proper meal)
  • Hair loss
  • Increased perspiration
  • Inability to live in warm and hot temperature
  • Loss of muscle tone (especially the muscles of upper arms and thighs)
  • Loosening of fingernails from the nail-bed
  • Blank stare
  • Bowel incontinence
  • Protrusion of eyeballs (double vision may occur in some cases)
  • Increased chances of osteoporosis and fracture (due to loss of calcium and essential minerals from the bones)
  • Abnormally smooth skin
  • Mental instability
  • Anxiety, nervousness, and panic
  • Increased risks of miscarriage

Types of Hyperthyroidism

Description of the different categories of Hyperthyroidism is given below-

  • Grave’s disease: Grave’s disease or “toxic diffuse goiter” is a kind of autoimmune disorder that causes abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. In this condition, a particular type of antibody called Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI) is produced by the immune system of the body. TSI attaches itself to the thyroid cells and temporarily mimics the actions of the TSH hormone. It stimulates the thyroid glands to produce abnormal quantities of thyroid hormones. Grave’s disease is characterized by abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs. Excess production of thyroid hormones occurs in this disease. In many patients, swelling of the muscles and tissues around the eyes occurs. This leads to bulged eyeballs with double vision and general discomfort in the eyes. It is more common in young women.
  • Toxic multinodular Goitre: It is common in patients who had Goitre for several years. This becomes overactive due to the presence of multiple toxic nodules. It is mainly observed in patients above the age of 50 and causes abnormal heart rate.
  • Thyroid nodules: Presence of benign tumours and unnatural lumps in the thyroid gland can lead to overproduction of thyroid hormones. These nodules are also called toxic adenomas.
  • Subacute Thyroiditis: It is characterized by infection, pain and inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by viral infections. This results in the release of huge quantities of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. Subacute Thyroiditis usually resolves once the viral infections go away.
  • Post-partum Thyroiditis: This condition is observed in 5-10% women after several months of childbirth. It may be followed by a few months of Hypothyroidism. The thyroid functions return to normal after a few months.

Diagnosis

Hyperthyroidism is properly diagnosed through the following laboratory examinations-

  • Blood tests (to determine the blood levels of T3 and T4)
  • Thyroid antibody test (TSI test)
  • TSH test (to monitor activities of the TSH hormone)
  • Ultrasonography of the thyroid gland (to detect enlargement of the thyroid gland)
  • Radioiodine scan (to check for Thyroid Cancer)
  • Thyroid fine-needle biopsy

Treatment & Prevention 

hyperthyroidismThe main course of treatment of hyperthyroidism involves medications that control and regulate the production of the thyroid hormone. In many cases, radioactive iodine might be administered that destroy the cells responsible for over-production of thyroid hormone. In extreme cases, a thyroid surgery can be prescribed to remove a part of the thyroid gland.

In order to prevent hyperthyroidism, one must practice healthy lifestyle habits such as staying away from smoking, drinking, and consumption of junk food (and refined sugar). Have at least 30 minutes of physical exercise, 4 times a week, and reduce stress from life. Make sure that you are drinking filtered water that completely eliminates the fluoride content from the water. Fluoride consumption is linked to the onset of hyperthyroidism.

According to the epidemiological studies by the World Health Organization, the worldwide prevalence of Hyperthyroidism is around 2% in women compared to 0.2% in men. Regular clinical check-ups are recommended for people having a family history of Thyroid diseases. This may help in a timely diagnosis and treatment of Hyperthyroidism.

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Hypothyroidism is often a life-long condition. Have your medications on-time and keep getting your thyroid levels checked regularly.
  • Consume foods which are healthy for your thyroid such as liver, crab, shellfish, almonds, sesame, anti-oxidant rich fruits, and plenty of vegetables.
Don'ts
  • Indulge in tobacco and alcohol consumption. These suppress the working of the thyroid gland.
  • skip on macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats). A low-carb and non-fat diet might be counter-productive to the healthy functioning of your thyroid gland.
  • Consume foods that contain trans-fats.
  • Try to adjust your thyroid medication dosage by yourself. Always refer to the doctor before starting any medication routine.

 

 

 

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Cordyceps: How the Caterpillar fungus works as a proven cancer-shield Strange as it may sound, but cordyceps or "caterpillar fungus", a fungus variety native to the Himalayas may…
eating disorder anorexia
Eating Disorders: Lifestyle choice or a psychological condition? Is eating disorder just a harmless bad habit? Or does it represent grim psychological disorders? Do you want…
rosacea-treatment--before-_-after
The best and safest ways to treat rosacea Rosacea is a skin disease that is characterized by reddish hives and rashes on the face. Read more…
Hydroquinone: Is it the best topical treatment for hyperpigmentation? Darkening of the skin due to high melanin levels is called hyperpigmentation.  Hydroquinone interferes with melanin production thus treating…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
Milk Thistle skin
Milk Thistle: Find possible cures for fatal diseases in these purple blooms Milk thistle is well-known for treating liver conditions. However, did you know that it comes with a plethora…
Cottage cheese: What can you find in this healthy chunk of fresh milk cheese? Love cheese but scared of putting on extra pounds? With cottage cheese, you can get the best of…
Heart diseases patient
Heart Valve Surgery A heart valve surgery is a procedure to replace or repair the diseased heart valves. The most commonly…
Sputum test Sputum test is a commonly used diagnostic tool that is used to examine the presence of pathogens in…
Miracle extract from the root of maca: 10 ways it can help you! Maca root has been used for years in herbal medicine. Today scientific research is unearthing fresh evidence in…
Quinine: How gin and tonic came to be known as a potent health elixir The discovery of quinine-containing tree bark is sometimes considered the most serendipitous medical discovery of the 17th century.
Oxidative Stress: Understanding the most lethal phenomenon happening in your body right now Free radicals cause damage to the body, which is known as oxidation.  The amount of oxidation caused by…
Vitamin K2: 8 reasons why you need this bone-building & cancer-fighting nutrient Vitamin K2 is claimed to be essential for your bone health, for reducing the risk of cancer, and…
Low fat diets
A complete list of low-fat diets and how to follow them Low-fat diets help you lose weight in a healthy way, but it works only with regular exercise and…
Vagus nerve: 7 health benefits of stimulating the “gut-brain” connection As a matter of fact, there are two vagus nerves namely the left and the right but is…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
myelogram
Myelography Myelography is an important diagnostic tool that is used to investigate and identify abnormalities in the spine and…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
angiography
Angiography Angiography is a diagnostic tool used to determine the narrowing or blockage in the arteries and veins supplying…
How can berberine supplements help you live longer and healthier? Berberine is a turmeric look-alike herbal extract that is credited with numerous health benefits ranging from diabetes cure…
nutritional yeast bread
Nutritional Yeast : How can a fungi culture be good for your body? Nutritional yeast: How a simple culture of fungi can transform your skin, digestion, immunity , and much more.…
hidden benefits walking
9 benefits of walking we bet you didn’t know! Did you know walking can be the miracle pill for eternal youth? Everyone knows walking is good for…
Greek Yogurt: Discover the secret ingredient to the real Spartan strength Greek yogurt is probably the tastiest way you can enhance your gut microflora. Read more to find out…
alcohol toxic
7 startling facts that will make you quit alcohol today Does drinking really make you friendly and happy? How many calories does a can of cold beer add…
Potassium healthy
Potassium: How only 100 mg a day can dramatically increase your lifespan! The word potassium comes from the process where wood ashes were stored in pots for extraction. What else…
Blood Disorders cancer
Immunotherapy immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts the body's immune system to identify the cancer cells and fight cancer.
Lung cancer xray
Lobectomy Lobectomy is a surgery where a lobe of the diseased lung is removed. It is mainly done to…
heartfail_2
Open Heart Surgery An open heart surgery is a major procedure performed to treat heart diseases like congenital heart problem, heart…
Tart Cherry: The healthiest excuse for taking that second serving of pie Tart cherry has been traditionally used in delectable desserts such as pies. Recent studies have revealed that its…
These are the top foods to increase your hemoglobin count It is important to add iron-rich foods into your diet in order to increase hemoglobin. Deficiency of hemoglobin could…
biopsy procedure
Biopsy Biopsy is a procedure of studying a live tissue sample collected from a specific organ for diagnosing a…
chloride test
Chloride Test A chloride test of the blood checks the level of chloride in body, an important factor governing the…
Mood swings
The real reasons for your mood swings and how to overcome them Are you prone to heated moods frequently? Do you also feel bouts of depressive feeling creeping up on…
L-theanine attention
L-Theanine: Better sleep, higher focus, and many other benefits Did you know that L-theanine found in green tea can make you sleep better and be focused at…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
What is Qigong and how can it help you channelize you inner “Qi”? Qigong is an integrated way of performing a traditional exercise regimen that can help in promoting health, mental…
Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody (tTG) Test Transglutaminase is an enzyme present in our body and is involved in protein metabolism. A tTg test is…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
Period sanitary napkin-menstruaion-blood-colors
Period blood – what it says about your health Your period blood color and consistency indicate what is happening in your body. Is your blood bright red…
acne removal tips
Anatomy of acne: 7 instant steps to kiss those zits goodbye Blackheads, whiteheads, or pimples-call them what you may. Acne is never good news.Did you know some of the…
reflexology massage
Top reasons why you should go for a reflexology massage today Reflexology involves the application of pressure to your feet and hands to encourage self-healing. Could this be beneficial…
Bronchoscopy procedure
Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy is a procedure where in a scope is inserted into the lung pathway to observe any growth…
APL IgM Test
Antiphospholipid Antibody(APL)-IgM test The antiphospholipid antibodies are specific protein in the body directed against the phospholipids. It is used to detect…

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