Pulmonary Embolism

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Introduction

Blood circulation within the body involves two distinct cycles or circuits. The first and shorter of the two is known as the pulmonary cycle. This is followed by the systemic cycle.

Deoxygenated blood collected by veins from all parts of the body is finally returned to the right side of the heart. The pulmonary cycle begins when the right ventricle of the heart pumps this venous blood into the lungs by means of the pulmonary artery. This is done so that the deoxygenated blood can again be refreshed with oxygen received from the alveoli of the lungs. When this is done, oxygenated blood from the lungs now travels to the left side of the heart. This completes the pulmonary circuit.

Oxygenated blood is now pumped by the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta which distributes it to all parts of the body through the arterial system and capillaries. Deoxygenated blood is then collected by veins and brought back to the right side of the heart once again. This second phase is known as systemic circulation.

 

What Is Thromboembolism?

The efficiency of blood circulation is dependent on the smooth and unobstructed flow of blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries. Oftentimes, our arteries become clogged with the deposition of a cholesterol plaque. This can make it difficult for blood to flow through. Other times, there may be a rupture or injury to an artery delivering blood to a certain organ or tissue, starving those cells of the oxygen and nutrients that they need. Yet another possibility is that the blood vessels could become blocked with a blood clot. The clot may have formed at the site itself or it may have been carried to the spot from elsewhere in the body. The latter situation is referred to as thromboembolism.

 

What Is Pulmonary Embolism?

PULMONARY EMBOLISM bleedingPulmonary embolism is one of the best-known examples of thromboembolism. It occurs when a blood clot carried along by the blood becomes firmly lodged in an artery in the lung.

One of the primary causes for this is a condition known as deep vein thrombosis.

Pulmonary embolism typically results in symptoms such as breathlessness and lightheadedness because the heart, and thereby the rest of the body, is unable to receive the oxygen-rich blood it needs in order to continue functioning.

This condition can have severe long-term consequences and it can also be fatal if the patient is not attended to in time.

 

 

What Causes Pulmonary Embolism?

This condition generally arises as a complication of deep vein thrombosis. The latter involves the formation of a blood clot in one of the deep veins of the body, usually in the legs. This clot, or a piece of it, may come loose. It will then be carried along by the bloodstream, passing through the venous system until it finds its way into the pulmonary artery. It the clot is large enough, it can become lodged in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches, obstructing the flow of blood into the lungs.

Another way in which this can happen is when small clots progressively accumulate in the various branches of the pulmonary artery. The actual cause of the obstruction need not necessarily be a blood clot. It can also be an air bubble or a fat globule.

PULMONARY EMBOLISMRisk factors for deep vein thrombosis are applicable for pulmonary embolism as well:

  • Damage to the walls of the veins. This can happen when you have a habit of smoking.
  • Prolonged bed rest or immobility.
  • Having a family history of blood clots.
  • History of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.
  • Trauma. This can include surgical trauma as well.
  • Hormone replacement therapy.
  • Having a blood clotting disorder.
  • Dehydration.
  • Heart disease.
  • Lung disease.
  • Vasculitis.
  • Hepatitis.
  • Inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Cancer.
  • Hughes syndrome.
  • Obesity.
  • Taking oral contraceptives.
  • Being pregnant.
  • Having varicose veins.
  • Taking chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

 

What Symptoms Are To Be Expected?

Sometimes, the onset of symptoms is relatively gradual. It tends to begin with shortness of breath which can intensify progressively. Eventually, the patient also develops chest pain which can be quite severe. Sometimes, the condition is minor and temporary. The clot creating the obstruction may be small and it may resolve on its own. In instances of air or amniotic fluid embolism, the offending substances may get reabsorbed, resolving the obstruction.

When a person suffers from a pulmonary embolism, he or she may experience the following problems:

  • Breathlessness.
  • Chest pain.
  • Breathing rapidly.
  • Elevated heart rate.
  • Weak pulse.
  • Irregular heartbeat.
  • Feeling faint or lightheaded.
  • Dizziness.
  • Bluish discoloration of the skin.
  • Feeling restless or anxious.

 

What Are Some Likely Complications?

Pulmonary embolsim lungsThere can be a range of severe consequences when you have a pulmonary embolism. Receiving immediate medical help reduces the likelihood of developing complications. However, when the condition goes unrecognized or untreated, patients often do not survive.

The loss of blood supply to a certain section of lung tissue, unless promptly relieved, can cause permanent death of that section of tissue. This is known as infarction. When small clots accumulate progressively over an extended period of time, the patient will generally develop a condition known as pulmonary hypertension. This refers to elevated blood pressure within the lungs and even the right side of the heart. As a result, the patient could develop cardiac failure which may lead to death.

There is also the possibility of recurring embolism. Once the obstruction has been resolved, it can return unless the underlying problem has been rectified.

For instance, those who have suffered from one case of deep vein thrombosis are at a higher risk of experiencing a recurrence. And the more often that clots appear in the deep veins, the greater the likelihood of giving rise to pulmonary embolism.  

 

How Is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?

It is not very easy to correctly identify the condition based only on its symptoms. Hence, the patient may need to undergo specialized imaging tests. These will help to precisely locate the obstruction. The following procedures may be involved:

  • Physical examination.
  • Medical history.
  • D-Dimer test, a specialized blood test.
  • Ultrasound.
  • Echocardiogram.
  • Pulmonary angiogram.
  • Computerized tomography (CT).

 

What Is The Best Treatment? Is it preventable?

The first step involves making a correct diagnosis of the condition, identifying the nature and composition of the obstruction and the underlying cause for it. In case the blockage has been caused by blood clots, the immediate course of action would be to administer blood thinners to prevent more such clots from being formed. Some patients may require thrombolytic drugs in order to break down large clots.

Pulmonary embolism can develop swiftly and without prior warning. It is a medical emergency. However, the condition can also take on a chronic form and develop gradually as smaller clots pile up in the arteries of the lungs. The patient may notice progressive shortness of breath and chest pain. This can lead to high blood pressure in the lungs and heart which can cause more severe complications such as heart failure. Certain risk factors are modifiable and patients should take care to avoid these in order to prevent repeated occurrences.

 

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Use compression stockings (tight and long stockings) or inflatable boots that’s help in squeezing the muscles of the lower leg and improve blood circulation.
  • As soon as possible after a surgery, get out of the bed and start walking in order to prevent the formation of blood clots.
  • Do leg exercises and move around more during flight journeys in order to prevent blood clots.
Don'ts
  • Miss the dosage of blood thinners prescribed after surgeries.
  • Ignore symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, fainting or light-headedness.
  • Neglect the regular follow-up sessions after the surgery.

 

 

 

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5-htp: Is this the ultimate cure for those pesky migraines attacks? 5-htp is a supplement that is extracted from the plant Griffonia simplicifoli.  It is an amino acid that helps…
gout diet purines
Gout Diet : Get relief from painful joints by eating these foods Are you a victim of this painful condition? Are medications providing only short relief? Find a list of…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
How accurate is the hair follicle drug test? Hair follicle drug test is one of the best ways to identify drug use in professional circles. But…
sodium chloride
Halotherapy: How inhaling salt can work wonders for your body Halotherapy is quickly gaining popularity amongst those with respiratory diseases. It has shown promise in its treatment.
Balneotherapy jacuzzi
5 things you didn’t know about balneotherapy and how you can do it at home Sauna baths have been popular since a long time. But how much more beneficial can balneotherapy be as…
Crossfit with rope
CrossFit: Now get the perfectly sculpted body with this explosive gym routine CrossFit is a fitness regimen that makes use of high-intensity exercises in a shorter period to achieve muscle…
ASTtest-liver
AST- Aspartate Aminotransferase Test AST test is a blood test that is used to measure the level of a particular liver enzyme…
leptospira Igm test
Leptospira-IgM Test A Leptospira-IgM test is a blood test which is carried out to detect anti-Leptospira IgM antibody. Leptospirosis is…
Okra: How can this nutrient-dense vegetable help you fight diabetes? Okra is a food which is rich in nutrients and minerals which are extremely essential for a healthy…
Bromelain: 11 reasons why you should start adding pineapple to your pizza! If you didn't love pineapples already, here are some of the top health benefits that bromelain can bring…
Coconut sugar: What is it and is it healthier than table sugar? In the long list of things that the wonderful coconut gives us, coconut sugar is another remarkable addition.…
The right way to prepare Alfalfa sprouts at home Alfalfa or lusan ghas is not just a nutritious animal fodder. This flavonoid-rich herb has some amazing health…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
Tamarind: The top health benefits of this staple Asian ingredient Did you know this sweet and sour pulpy fruit does more than just add a tangy flavor to…
Fibromyalgia fatigue
HCG Diet: The dangers of using this diet to lose weight HCG is a natural hormone produced by both men and women that corresponds to fertility. But how is…
Urologist: When should you visit one and why? A urologist can treat not only genitourinary problems of both men and women but also can treat various…
How to scrub away stress and fatigue with an Epsom salt bath? Epsom salt is a popular home remedy for many skin ailments. Though there is a lack of scientific…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
Bronchoscopy procedure
Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy is a procedure where in a scope is inserted into the lung pathway to observe any growth…
amylase test
Amylase Test Amylase test is done by checking the level of this protein in the blood sample and also in…
BULIMIA NERVOSA vomiting
Can you get addicted to food? Learn everything about food addiction What is food addiction? How can people get addicted to eating? Is it an unhealthy eating habit or…
Period sanitary napkin-menstruaion-blood-colors
Period blood – what it says about your health Your period blood color and consistency indicate what is happening in your body. Is your blood bright red…
Sweeteners-good or bad?
Sweeteners – Are They Good or Bad for Our Health? Sweeteners can be artificial and natural. Learn about the different types of sweeteners and their health benefits and…
social media adddiction
Your health in the age of Social Media: Why is digital detox a necessity? Did you know that more than 400 million people are dangerously addicted to social media? Are you one…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
green poop causes
Green poop : What are the reasons and how can you correct it Ever sneak a peek down the toilet only to shockingly find green poop? Why does our poop turn…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
edamame
Edamame: How healthy are these green baby beans? Edamame or "immature" soybeans are soft and easily digestable forms of soybeans that are great as an eveyday…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Cayenne: The remarkable benefits of these red hot chili peppers These may make you rush for a glass of water, but cayenne pepper is actually a healthy additive…
Did you know drinking alkaline water could be the healthier choice for you? Ever wondered how safe is your drinking water in terms of pH? Recent studies have revealed that Alkaline…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
Astaxanthin: Why experts believe it could be 550x more potent than vitamin E! What is astaxanthin and why is this new supplement on the block touted as the most powerful antioxidant…
Goji berry: A traditional Chinese berry that packs the best of antioxidants Goji berry is an ancient berry that is considered to be power-packed with nutrients and antioxidants. Which means…
SIBO Diet: The important dos and don’ts of this gut-healing diet A SIBO diet is a diet that works by eliminating certain sugars from your diet and adding fibers…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
blood elements analysis
Blood Element Analysis Test A blood element analysis is a blood test performed to measure the level of toxic elements such as…
folate test
Folate test The Folate test measures and monitors the levels of folic acid in the blood. This test is also…
lipase test
Lipase Test A lipase test is a blood test performed to quantitatively measure the level of the enzyme lipase in…
rosacea-treatment--before-_-after
The best and safest ways to treat rosacea Rosacea is a skin disease that is characterized by reddish hives and rashes on the face. Read more…
Hepatitis A virus infected liver
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Total Blood test to look for IgM antibodies to know if you are infected with Hepatitis A virus (HAV),…
kshar sutra
Kshar sutra treatment for piles, fissures and fistula Read to know the benefits and side effects of kshar sutra to treat anal piles, fissures, and fistula…
Splenda
Splenda Splenda is an artificial sweetener derived from Stevia plant extracts. It is low in calories and a popular…
quinoa salad
Quinoa : A prodigious superfood you need to include in your diet today! Quinoa - what is so special about this native South American grain that has taken the world by…

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