Keratitis

Keratitis eye

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview of Keratitis

Eyes are the most vital organs of the body that connects us with the exterior world. Disturbance in eye-health can lead to a number of problems. This usually happens in eye-infections which affect the sensitive parts of the eye such as sclera, cornea and the underlying tissues. In due course of time, it may give rise to serious vision problems and can even lead to permanent blindness. Keratitis is one such disease that causes inflammation of the cornea. It may be caused by bacterial, fungal or viral infection.

A recent report published in the Times of India has shown that India loses around 37 billion dollars due to eye-sight problems. It has been seen that a large percentage of these infections are caused by keratitis. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has estimated that around 39 million people all over the world are blind and 246 have poor vision. So evidently, the burden of eye-sight problems in India as well as in the world is very high and needs to be resolved on an emergency basis.

 

What is Keratitis?

Keratitis eyeKeratitis is an eye infection characterized by inflammation and scarring of the cornea. The cornea is the frontal part of the eye that shields the eye from external injuries and infections. Inflammation of the cornea, which is the main feature of this disease is also accompanied by mild to severe pain, reddish eye, photophobia and a gritty sensation in the eyes. Some of the patients may also experience watery eyes and disturbed sleep. Disturbance in eye-sight may not be so prominent in the initial stages. In the more advanced stages, a gradual loss of vision may take place. Keratitis may be triggered by various pathogenic and environmental factors. The disease can affect men and women, adults and children equally.

 

What causes Keratitis?

Keratitis is caused by a wide range of clinical, environmental and pathogenic factors. These are discussed below-

  • Viral agents such as Herpes simplex and Herpes zoster
  • Bacterial agents like Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus
  • Fungal agents like Fusarium
  • Amoebic pathogens like Acanthamoeba
  • Parasitic pathogens like Onchocerca
  • Ocular surface diseases like bullous keratopathy, trauma, corneal exposure, reduced corneal sensation and dry eye
  • Infections caused by pathogens lying in dormant state in the body
  • Secondary bacterial infections after a serious degradation of the corneal epithelium
  • Dryness of cornea
  • Incomplete closure of eyelids
  • Exposure to harmful radiations such as UV rays
  • Using poorly sanitized contact lenses

 

What are the main signs of Keratitis?

Keratitis pathogenKeratitis is marked by corneal scarring and inflammation. The disease mainly presents as-

  • Inflammation of the cornea
  • Scarring of the corneal surface
  • Gritty sensation in the eye
  • Redness of the sclera (the white portion of the eye)
  • Extreme photosensitivity
  • Blurred vision
  • Ulcer formation on corneal surface (presents as a small white spot)
  • Corneal opacity

 

What are the different types of Keratitis?

Keratitis has a number of classifications based on a number of criteria.

Classification by degree

This categorization is done based on the intensity of the disease. It has the following types-

Acute Keratitis

This type is of mild nature and resolves in a short time. It has the following subtypes-

  • Acute epithelial type: It affects the epithelial layer of the cornea.
  • Nummular type: It is associated with viral keratoconjunctivitis, which is an adenovirus infection of ocular nature. It is characterized by subepithelial lesions of the cornea. These lesions may be unilateral (present in one eye) and bilateral (present in both eyes). It is often found in individuals with disciform keratitis.
  • Interstitial type: Here, corneal scarring takes place due to serious inflammation of the corneal stroma.
  • Disciform type: It presents as corneal edema which is characterized by a disc-shaped region on the cornea.

Chronic Keratitis

This type is of persistent nature and does not resolve even after medical intervention. It is of two types-

  • Neurotrophic type: Here, damage to the trigeminal nerve causes degeneration of the cornea.
  • Mucous plaque type: It is associated with the formation of plaque on the cornea.

 

Classification by infections

Keratitis diagnosisThese are caused by various pathogens and have the following subtypes-

  • Viral: The Herpes Simplex virus gives rise to a dendritic ulcer on the cornea. The Herpes zoster virus is one more causative pathogen.
  • Bacterial: Bacterial keratitis is common in people who wear contact lenses. These are caused by Staphylococcus or Pseudomonas bacteria. The Pseudomonas aeruginosabacteria contains enzymes that feed on the cornea.
  • Fungal: It is caused by Fusarium sp.
  • Amoebic: It is caused by Acanthamoeba sp and is common in contact lens users.
  • Parasitic: This results from O. volvulus infection and gives rise to Onchocercal keratitis.

 

Classification by stage of disease

Two types are discussed-

  • Superficial punctuate type: It results from the dysfunctions of the meibomian glands.
  • Ulcerative keratitis: It causes damage to the epithelial layer and the corneal stroma.

 

Classification by etiology

  • Exposure type: It is caused by an extreme dryness of the cornea.
  • Photokeratitis: This occurs due to a prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
  • Contact Lens Acute Red Eye (CLARE): This is a non-ulcerative keratitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria on the contact lenses.

Diagnostic tests

A number of eye examinations are necessary to detect the occurrence of Keratitis. These are given below-

  • Visual acuity test (by using Stellen chart or other eye charts)
  • Keratometry (to measure the curvature of the flattest and the steepest meridians in the cornea’s front surface)
  • Corneal topography (to map the surface curvature of the cornea)
  • Retinoscopy (to estimate the eye’s refractive error)

 

How to treat keratitis? Is it preventable?

Keratitis can be treated with antibacterial solutions containing levofloxacin or ofloxacin. Aciclovir is the most effective treatment for HSV keratitis. A good ophthalmologist should always be consulted before proceeding with any kind of self-medication. This will enable an effective treatment and will minimize the risks of complications at the same time.

In order to prevent eye infections such as keratitis, one must try not to harm or scratch the cornea. One should never rub the eye aggressively or insert a foreign body in the eye. A diet rich in Vitamin A can help keep eye infections at a bay. Refrain from exposing your eye directly to sunlight. Wear protective eyewear when working in hazardous conditions. Treat the underlying viral infection throughly if the cause of keratitis is a virus.

 

 

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Wearing an eye-patch could be counter-productive in some cases. Wear an eye-patch only upon the doctor’s advice.
  • Have a well-balanced nutritious diet which boosts your natural immunity.
  • Self-medication through over-the-counter drugs to treat keratitis should never be practiced.
Don'ts
  • Wear contact lenses, till the infection has been cured.
  • Wait for the infection to aggravate to show it to the doctor since the lesions of keratitis can even lead to permanent blindness.
  • Sleep, swim, or shower with your contact lenses on.

 

 

 

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leptospira Igm test
Leptospira-IgM Test A Leptospira-IgM test is a blood test which is carried out to detect anti-Leptospira IgM antibody. Leptospirosis is…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
Diabetes blood test
Diabetic Profile The diabetic profile is a set of tests used for testing and monitoring the various kinds of Diabetes…
Hymenoplasty
Hymenoplasty Read on to find out all about hymenoplasty, the procedure, post-surgery care, the risks, and the benefits.
Dragon Fruit – Blessing from Nature’s Basket Dragon fruit is packed with nutrients but low on calories. It is the dream food that can help…
How can berberine supplements help you live longer and healthier? Berberine is a turmeric look-alike herbal extract that is credited with numerous health benefits ranging from diabetes cure…
Urologist: When should you visit one and why? A urologist can treat not only genitourinary problems of both men and women but also can treat various…
The Cabbage Soup Diet: The healthiest way to instant weight loss Cabbage soup diet rapid weight loss diet for those who want to shed those extra pounds in less…
Quinine: How gin and tonic came to be known as a potent health elixir The discovery of quinine-containing tree bark is sometimes considered the most serendipitous medical discovery of the 17th century.
Inhale oxygen, exhale worries: The top breathing exercises and how to perform them Performing the breathing exercise is like becoming mindful of how you breathe.  Here is a list of breathing…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
LFT-test
Liver Function Test – LFT LFT or Liver Function Test is a blood test used to determine the levels of hepatic enzymes which…
anoscopy
Anoscopy Anoscopy is an invasive diagnostic procedure where a small device known as anoscope will be inserted in the…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
sugar toxic health
Sugar: 7 new shocking truths revealed about the sweet poison Can drinking soda bring you closer to death? Is sugar slowly poisoning you and your family? You would…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
Cayenne: The remarkable benefits of these red hot chili peppers These may make you rush for a glass of water, but cayenne pepper is actually a healthy additive…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
How to correctly perform nasal irrigation using a Neti Pot? Neti pot has been a part of Ayurveda since centuries. This ancient tool is extremely effective in treating…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
Appendix pain: Recent findings on this not-so vestigial organ The exact function of the appendix is still not clear. Some consider it as an organ that once…
glucose-tolerance
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test – GTT Glucose tolerance test (or Oral GTT) is used to detect the onset of diabetes or prediabetes conditions. It…
ASTtest-liver
AST- Aspartate Aminotransferase Test AST test is a blood test that is used to measure the level of a particular liver enzyme…
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPIDANTIBODY(APL)_IgG
Antiphospholipid (APL) antibody-IgG The Antiphospholipid Antibody testing is a blood test used to determine an autoimmune disorder called Antiphospholipid syndrome linked…
Strep throat pain
Anti-Streptolysin-O Test The ASO or Anti-Streptolysin-O is a blood test designed to check for the presence of streptococcus bacterial infection…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
sodium blood test
Blood Sodium Test A blood sodium test measures the amount of sodium (an important electrolyte) in your body. It is also…
Period sanitary napkin-menstruaion-blood-colors
Period blood – what it says about your health Your period blood color and consistency indicate what is happening in your body. Is your blood bright red…
Hepatitis A virus infected liver
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Total Blood test to look for IgM antibodies to know if you are infected with Hepatitis A virus (HAV),…
hidden benefits walking
9 benefits of walking we bet you didn’t know! Did you know walking can be the miracle pill for eternal youth? Everyone knows walking is good for…
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
L-theanine attention
L-Theanine: Better sleep, higher focus, and many other benefits Did you know that L-theanine found in green tea can make you sleep better and be focused at…
aspartame or sugar
Aspartame – Hidden truths about this storm in a teacup Aspartame, the artificial sweetener, has gone under the scanner on several occasions for allegedly doing more harm than…
High Fiber Diet – Fire up your fiber intake for these health benefits! Regular bowels, healthy detox, higher immunity, and guaranteed weight loss - a high fiber diet can bring all…
Agave nectar: The bitter truth about this sweetener revealed Agave nectar is considered to be sweeter than the normal table sugar and even contains higher amounts of…
gout diet purines
Gout Diet : Get relief from painful joints by eating these foods Are you a victim of this painful condition? Are medications providing only short relief? Find a list of…
DHEA wrinkles
DHEA: Now get unbelievable age defiance with this wonder hormone! DHEA is known popularly as the age-defying hormone. This supplement is widely used to slow down aging and…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
Pescatarian Diet 101: What are the inherent health advantages of this diet? People opt to become a pescatarian in order to enrich their bodies with the essential health benefits that…
Mood swings
The real reasons for your mood swings and how to overcome them Are you prone to heated moods frequently? Do you also feel bouts of depressive feeling creeping up on…
shakeology woman
Meal replacement or protein drink? Learn all about Shakeology and its claims Shakeology from Beachbody claims to be the most suitable shake that can aid in weight loss, regulate blood…
hemoglobin variant analysis
Hemoglobin Variant Analysis Hemoglobin variant analysis is a blood test that is used to detect the presence of hemoglobin variants which…
cystatin C
Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a specific single-chain protein that is found in body fluids and is a biomarker for…
piles fissure fistula
Allopathy vs homeopathy vs ayurveda treatment for piles, fissures, and fistula Read to know the best form of treatment among allopathy, homeopathy,or ayurveda for piles, fissures, and fistula

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