Night Blindness

Night blindness correction

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview of night blindness

A large percentage of the global population suffers from diseases due to vitamin deficiency. The incidence rate of these diseases is particularly high in the low and middle-income countries. A major section of the population in these countries suffers from malnutrition. The recent epidemiological findings by United Nations World Food Program (WFP) show that about 12.9% of the current global population is malnourished. This mainly arises from vitamin deficiency. A very common disease of this category is “Night Blindness” or Xerophthalmia, which primarily arises from the deficiency of Vitamin A. It is often wrongly claimed that Xerophthalmia is strictly associated with old age.

The global statistics of the World Health Organisation (WHO) show that nearly 5.2 million pre-school children and 9.8 million pregnant women suffer from Vitamin A deficiency diseases. Clearly, the global burden of night blindness and the associated disorders is very high and should be taken care of at the earliest.

 

What is night blindness?

NIght blindness while drivingNight blindness or Nyctalopia is a type of vision disturbance, which makes it challenging for a person to view clearly at night or in low-intensity light. Nyctalopia mainly arises due to Vitamin A deficiency. It is often called Xerophthalmia. But in proper medical terms, Xerophthalmia is a broad spectrum of ocular disorders that is caused by the dearth of Vitamin A in the body. Night blindness is essentially the earliest possible manifestation of Vitamin A deficiency. These categories of ocular disorders are clear indicators for the significantly low serum retinol levels. This in turn leads to the reduced sensitivity of the retina to light.

The appearance and the severity of the disease however may vary from one person to another. The occurrence of night blindness was first detected by Aulus Cornelius Celsus in 30 AD, who also described the disease as nutritional blindness.

 

What causes night blindness?

Night blindness is primarily caused by the deficiency of Vitamin A, which is largely responsible for the health of the rod cells and the retina. There are however other contributing factors as well. All the causes of night blindness are discussed below in details-

  • Retinitis pigmentosa: It is a genetic disease that leads to impaired vision. Progressive degeneration of the rod photoreceptor cells in the retina occurs in this condition. In the very initial stage, a negligible loss in peripheral and dim light vision is observed. But in the more advanced stages, the phenomenon of rod degeneration intensifies and the subsequent abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) follows.
  • Retinal detachment: In this disease, the retina of the patient separates from the layer below. This leads to a significant deterioration in the outer portion of the visual field. This somewhat acts like a dark curtain (an obstruction) over the main field of vision. This directly impacts the ability of the eyes to function in dim light or in the dark.
  • Oguchi disease: It is a type of non-progressive visual disorder that is manifested as discolouration of the fundus and an abnormally delayed adaptation in darkness. It leads to congenital stationary night blindness.
  • Myopia: Nearsightedness or “myopia” can often develop into permanent vision disturbances. It often leads to indistinct and blurred images in the darkness, more precisely at night.
  • Cataract: Though this is a separate disease altogether, cataracts can be one of the major contributors of night blindness. The patients in this case often experience blurred vision, faded colours and vision disturbance at night.
  • Vitamin A deficiency: Vitamin A has a significant role in phototransduction (conversion of light into electrical signals in the rod cells). It has been established through a series of research experiments that the deficiency of vitamin A affects a person’s night vision directly. Pregnant women suffering from Vitamin A deficiency may give birth to children having night blindness right from birth.
  • Medications: Retinotoxic effects of certain medications such as phenothiazenes can cause abnormalities in blue-yellow vision, which is more prominent in low-intensity light.
  • Refractive surgery: A number of refractive surgeries like radial keratotomy, photorefractive keratectomy and LASIK can impact field of vision and colour perceptions at some point of time. The patients themselves have reported that these effects become more pronounced at night or in an environment having absence of bright light.

 

What are the main symptoms of night blindness?

Night blindness correctionThere a number of warning signs of night blindness which should be identified in order to carry out timely diagnosis and treatment. Some of the main symptoms are listed below-

  • Straining the eyes to have a clear vision in darkness or in a dimly lit environment
  • Feeling of near-sightedness while trying to view distant objects
  • Feeling of cloudiness or fogginess in the field of vision
  • Dry, reddish and itchy eye
  • Difficulty in moment during the night time

 

Types of night blindness

The broad categories of night blindness or Xerophthalmia are listed below-

  • X1A: It is characterised by conjunctival xerosis. The main features are- pigmentation, loss of transparency, accumulation of debris and the consequent thickening of the conjunctiva.
  • X1B: It is characterised by the formation of a gray patch, which is raised above the conjunctival surface.
  • X2: Here, the corneal surface has a granular appearance and this progressively leads to a persistent haziness and blurriness of the cornea.
  • X3A: Corneal ulceration may occur, which may lead to deterioration of the corneal thickness.
  • X3B: Keratomalacia is observed in these patients, that causes an abnormal softening of the cornea and a gradual destruction of the eye-ball.

 

Diagnosis and treatment of night blindness

Careful ophthalmic examinations to test the patient’s papillary response and visual acuity should be carried out at the initial stage of night blindness. Electroretinography (ERG) is recommended by the doctors in several cases to detect the exact cause of the disease. For the treatment of night blindness, doctors prescribe medications or diet rich in Vitamin A in the preliminary stage. But in the more advanced and irreversible stages, surgical interventions (especially vision correction surgeries) become mandatory to restore night vision.

The main reason behind the growing trends of ocular diseases, especially the ones caused by vitamin deficiency is the improper dietary habits in the underdeveloped countries. Pollution and genetic factors are also the major contributors to these diseases. Awareness programmes and campaigns on a global scale should be conducted in order to spread the importance of proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle.

 

 

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Consume food items rich in vitamin A (beta-carotene) such as carrots, apricots, cherries, mangoes, water-melons, yams, and kale.
  • Cataract surgery / LASIK surgery can be used to correct vision defects which are causing night blindness.
  • Try to include more of Zinc in your diet.
Don'ts
  • Drive automobiles and operating heavy machinery at night-time or dim-lighting conditions.
  • Continue medication ( or self medication for glaucoma).Pilocarpine, a drug used to treat glaucoma, impairs the dilation of pupil which can lead to night-blindness.
  • Delay routine eye-checkups, especially if you are above 40 years of age.

 

 

 

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Lipoprotein (A) Test Lipoprotein (A) test is used to measure and monitor the levels of LDL(Low-Density Lipoprotein) in the bloodstream in…
Tart Cherry: The healthiest excuse for taking that second serving of pie Tart cherry has been traditionally used in delectable desserts such as pies. Recent studies have revealed that its…
Vitamin K2: 8 reasons why you need this bone-building & cancer-fighting nutrient Vitamin K2 is claimed to be essential for your bone health, for reducing the risk of cancer, and…
Jack in the box fast food
Jack In the Box : The perils of surging fast food culture in the USA Jack in the Box - How a culture of fast-food can clog your arteries, weaken your heart, fatten…
anti ds dna test
Anti Ds-DNA antibody Test The  Anti Ds-DNA antibody test is used to diagnose the disease called lupus or more aptly the SLE(Systematic…
Ca 19.9 test
CA19.9 Test CA 19.9 is a cancer antigen that exists on the surface of cancer-causing cells. The levels of CA…
Vagus nerve: 7 health benefits of stimulating the “gut-brain” connection As a matter of fact, there are two vagus nerves namely the left and the right but is…
Chest X-Ray A chest x-ray is a diagnostic test that uses x-rays to visualize the structures inside your chest. It…
CLA: A breakthrough weight loss supplement with minimal side effects Tried every weight loss supplement in the market with no substantial gain? Why not try CLA supplements, derived…
HSV-1_IGG
Herpes Simplex Virus I (HSV)-IgG Test Herpes simplex virus I(HSV)-IgG is an Immunoglobulin protein that acts as an antibody & stays in the blood…
What is Qigong and how can it help you channelize you inner “Qi”? Qigong is an integrated way of performing a traditional exercise regimen that can help in promoting health, mental…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody (tTG) Test Transglutaminase is an enzyme present in our body and is involved in protein metabolism. A tTg test is…
6 arguments in favour of glucosamine and where can you find it Studies have shown that glucosamine works by preventing the breakdown of cartilage of the joints. This is usually…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
Cordyceps: How the Caterpillar fungus works as a proven cancer-shield Strange as it may sound, but cordyceps or "caterpillar fungus", a fungus variety native to the Himalayas may…
Bronchoscopy procedure
Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy is a procedure where in a scope is inserted into the lung pathway to observe any growth…
Hydroquinone: Is it the best topical treatment for hyperpigmentation? Darkening of the skin due to high melanin levels is called hyperpigmentation.  Hydroquinone interferes with melanin production thus treating…
SIBO Diet: The important dos and don’ts of this gut-healing diet A SIBO diet is a diet that works by eliminating certain sugars from your diet and adding fibers…
Milk Thistle skin
Milk Thistle: Find possible cures for fatal diseases in these purple blooms Milk thistle is well-known for treating liver conditions. However, did you know that it comes with a plethora…
Tamarind: The top health benefits of this staple Asian ingredient Did you know this sweet and sour pulpy fruit does more than just add a tangy flavor to…
Hibiscus: Nourish your beauty and health with these vibrant blooms Hibiscus is a trumpet shaped flower found abundantly in tropical countries. It has been historically used for its…
Erythritol: A healthy sugar substitute or yet another marketing ploy? Erythritol is a popular choice of a healthy alternative sweetening agent in foods. But how healthy can a…
Trisodium Phosphate: How a paint thinner made its way into your breakfast Ever thought how toxic chemicals find their way into our foods? How can they harm our body? And…
folate test
Folate test The Folate test measures and monitors the levels of folic acid in the blood. This test is also…
hsv-igg
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-IgG Test Herpes simplex virus I(HSV)-IgG is an Immunoglobulin protein that acts as an antibody which stays in the blood…
Alp enzyme-test
ALP test – Alkaline Phosphate ALP or alkaline phosphate is an enzyme mainly produced by the liver and gallbladder. ALP test measures the…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
antiHEV IgM test
Anti hepatitis E virus (Anti HEV) IgM Test Anti HEV IgM test determines the level of the IgM antibodies in the blood, The disease is often…
sodium chloride
Halotherapy: How inhaling salt can work wonders for your body Halotherapy is quickly gaining popularity amongst those with respiratory diseases. It has shown promise in its treatment.
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…

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