Diabetes

Diabetes foot

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview of diabetes

Old age is associated with numerous pathological complications and diseases that disrupt the normal functioning of the body. Most of these diseases are apparently chronic and can be regulated through expert medications and diet recommendations. In recent years, Diabetes has been identified as the primary cause of digestive complications within the body. It not only affects an individual’s overall health but also poses a socio-economic threat. The prevalence of diabetic disorders can be traced back to 2004 when more than 220 million people worldwide were reported with Diabetes. WHO has also projected the doubling of diabetes rates between 2005 to 2030. Global standards of healthcare must be raised to address the impending issues related to Diabetic conditions.

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes blood testDiabetes refers to a group of pathological conditions in which the concentration of blood glucose increases due to shortage of insulin within the body due to pancreatic dysfunctions. In this condition, the body cannot convert glucose from food into energy, leading to excess accumulation of unused glucose within the body. According to recent findings by WHO, death due to diabetic diseases occurs mostly under the age of 70. Although Diabetes is usually a disease of old age, children in their growing years have also been diagnosed with diabetes in some cases.

What are the main causes of Diabetes?

Diabetes is more prominent in low and middle income countries and might arise due to multiple factors. The primary cause of Diabetes is the scarcity of insulin within the body that absorbs blood glucose and utilizes it to produce energy. This occurs under two circumstances:

  • The pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to control blood glucose level
  • The insulin produced cannot be efficiently utilized to regulate blood glucose

Both these conditions are attributed to functional abnormalities of the pancreas.

What are the causes of Type 1 Diabetes?

These causes mainly belong to the category of genetic factors or past infections:

  • Auto-immune destruction of beta cells of pancreas (responsible for storage and release of insulin)
  • Presence of antibodies to islet cells (responsible for insulin production) in the blood
  • Gradual decline in the secretion of insulin

What are the causes of Type 2 Diabetes?

Diabetes sugarThese causes are mainly related to factors such as :

  • Obesity
  • Age (increased insulin resistance)
  • Insufficient physical activities
  • Heredity
  • Ethnicity (African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics)
  • Polycystic Ovary conditions

The above factors combine to give rise to the following conditions :

  • Insulin resistance in the liver and skeletal muscles occurs, causing increased glucose production from the liver.
  • Excessive generation of free fatty acids by fat cells leading to insulin deficiency
  • Beta cell damage causes reduced insulin production

What are the main warning signs and symptoms?

The symptoms of diabetes vary according to the type of Diabetes. The generalized symptoms are stated below:

  • Excessive thirst and urination
  • Extreme fatigue and headache
  • Delayed recovery from injuries
  • Abnormal weight loss/gain
  • Pain in limbs
  • Unclear vision
  • Itchy and reddish skin (at times with rashes)
  • Abnormal loss/increase of appetite
  • Irritability and frequent mood swings

What are the different types of diabetic diseases?

Two major categories are Diabetes has been studied so far, that cause 80% of death in low and middle-income countries. These are – Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus. These are discussed below:

Diabetes Mellitus (DM): It refers to a group of metabolic conditions that lead to hyperglycemia (abnormal increase in blood glucose level). This condition is caused by insufficient production or utilization of insulin. It can be further classified into two types: (a) Type 1 Diabetes and (b) Type 2 Diabetes

  • Type 1: It occurs due to insufficient insulin production. It is also called Juvenile Onset Diabetes and contributes to 5-10 % of diabetes cases (according to CDC reports). In this case, the pancreas cannot generate sufficient insulin needed to control blood glucose level due to destruction of beta cells. Patients belonging to this category undergo artificial intake of insulin to make up for insulin deficiency in the body.
  • Type 2: It is also called Adult-onset Diabetes and occurs due toan insufficient utilization of insulin. WHO reports claim that Type 2 Diabetes affects more than 90% of Diabetic patients worldwide. The primary risk factors of this type of Diabetes are excessive body weight, and limited physical activities.

Diabetes Insipidus (DI): It is characterized by excessive thirst and production of large volumes of urine. In extreme cases, it might result in frequent bedwetting or dehydration. Children suffering from Diabetes Insipidus exhibit symptoms nausea, irritability, disturbed sleep and diarrhoea. Diabetes Insipidus has the following subtypes-

  • Central DI: It is caused due to damage of pituitary gland (due to head injuries, genetic disorders or neurosurgery) resulting in disturbed storage and release of ADH (Antidiuretic hormone).
  • Nephrogenic DI: This disease is caused due to the impaired response of the kidney to ADH due to certain medications or chronic diseases (Polycystic Kidney).
  • Dipsogenic DI: This type of diabetic disease occurs due to the damage of the thirst center located at the hypothalamus. It causes excessive thirst and urination, leading to sodium imbalance in body fluids.
  • Gestational DI: Gestational diabetic condition is observed in 2-5 % of women during the pre-natal stage, but it does not persist after the pregnancy period. It is caused due to the destruction of ADH in mother by an enzyme produced by the placenta.

Are there some long-term systemic complications?

Diabetic diseases in any form might leave long-lasting detrimental impacts on the patient’s body. The important ones are listed below-

  • Permanent renal failure
  • Cardio-vascular diseases
  • Foot ulcers
  • Diabetic retinopathy

Treatment & Prevention

Diabetes footThe treatment chiefly depends on the type of diabetes. However, certain measures such as intake of a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, a regular physical activity can help in managing the condition well.

Type 1 – Regular blood sugar checks, calorie counting and use of insulin injections or pumps are required.

Type 2 – Diabetes medication and/or insulin are administered in this case. Regular monitoring and the evaluation of the blood sugar levels are required. Certain lifestyle changes can help in controlling the spike in the blood sugar levels.

  • Blood sugar level monitoring: Based on the treatment plan, the blood sugar level is usually checked 1 to 4 times in a day. The A1C levels are usually checked in order to evaluate the average blood sugar levels in the past 2 to 3 months. As compared to the regular blood sugar level tests, the A1C test is considered as better indicators of the effect of the diabetes management plan. An elevated A1C level indicates changes should be made in the oral medications, insulin dose, diet etc.
  • Insulin therapy: Insulin is essential for survival for individuals with type 1 diabetes. However, insulin administration may also be required in cases of type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes.
  • Medications: Medications prescribed for diabetes have a different mechanism of action. They can help to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin; they can block the intestinal or stomach enzymes that metabolize carbohydrates or make tissues more sensitive to insulin. For instance, oral medication metformin is prescribed in cases of type 2 diabetes.

A pancreas transplant is performed in some cases as an alternative to insulin therapy. Transplants are not successful in all the cases and have grave risks involved. Bariatric surgery is an option considered for patients with type 2 diabetes having a body mass index (BMI) higher than 35. Gestational diabetes and prediabetes are managed by lifestyle changes and by keeping the blood sugar levels under check. In some cases, medications or insulin might be prescribed.

Management of weight, intake of appropriate diet, and regular physical activities are methods to reverse prediabetes and prevent the occurrence of type 2 diabetes.


TL;DR?

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Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Seek medical attention.Do not ignore symptoms such as blurred vision, fatigue, increased thirst, dry mouth etc. Maintain a healthy body weight so as to prevent the ill effects of obesity on health.
  • Maintain a healthy lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle and a balanced diet are essential for controlling blood sugar levels. The diet should be low on saturated fats and carbohydrates and high on fiber.
  • Follow an exercise routine. Regular physical activity is essential for keeping the blood pressure under control and maintaining a healthy body weight.
Don'ts
  • Involve in smoking. Smoking can augment the ill effects on the body that are caused as a result of diabetes.
  • Miss the dose of insulin. Consult your doctor in case you are planning to fast. Taking a regular dose of insulin when you fast, might cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels), which is life-threatening.

 

 

 

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Cordyceps: How the Caterpillar fungus works as a proven cancer-shield Strange as it may sound, but cordyceps or "caterpillar fungus", a fungus variety native to the Himalayas may…
eating disorder anorexia
Eating Disorders: Lifestyle choice or a psychological condition? Is eating disorder just a harmless bad habit? Or does it represent grim psychological disorders? Do you want…
rosacea-treatment--before-_-after
The best and safest ways to treat rosacea Rosacea is a skin disease that is characterized by reddish hives and rashes on the face. Read more…
Hydroquinone: Is it the best topical treatment for hyperpigmentation? Darkening of the skin due to high melanin levels is called hyperpigmentation.  Hydroquinone interferes with melanin production thus treating…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
Milk Thistle skin
Milk Thistle: Find possible cures for fatal diseases in these purple blooms Milk thistle is well-known for treating liver conditions. However, did you know that it comes with a plethora…
Cottage cheese: What can you find in this healthy chunk of fresh milk cheese? Love cheese but scared of putting on extra pounds? With cottage cheese, you can get the best of…
Heart diseases patient
Heart Valve Surgery A heart valve surgery is a procedure to replace or repair the diseased heart valves. The most commonly…
Sputum test Sputum test is a commonly used diagnostic tool that is used to examine the presence of pathogens in…
Miracle extract from the root of maca: 10 ways it can help you! Maca root has been used for years in herbal medicine. Today scientific research is unearthing fresh evidence in…
Quinine: How gin and tonic came to be known as a potent health elixir The discovery of quinine-containing tree bark is sometimes considered the most serendipitous medical discovery of the 17th century.
Oxidative Stress: Understanding the most lethal phenomenon happening in your body right now Free radicals cause damage to the body, which is known as oxidation.  The amount of oxidation caused by…
Vitamin K2: 8 reasons why you need this bone-building & cancer-fighting nutrient Vitamin K2 is claimed to be essential for your bone health, for reducing the risk of cancer, and…
Low fat diets
A complete list of low-fat diets and how to follow them Low-fat diets help you lose weight in a healthy way, but it works only with regular exercise and…
Vagus nerve: 7 health benefits of stimulating the “gut-brain” connection As a matter of fact, there are two vagus nerves namely the left and the right but is…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
myelogram
Myelography Myelography is an important diagnostic tool that is used to investigate and identify abnormalities in the spine and…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
angiography
Angiography Angiography is a diagnostic tool used to determine the narrowing or blockage in the arteries and veins supplying…
How can berberine supplements help you live longer and healthier? Berberine is a turmeric look-alike herbal extract that is credited with numerous health benefits ranging from diabetes cure…
nutritional yeast bread
Nutritional Yeast : How can a fungi culture be good for your body? Nutritional yeast: How a simple culture of fungi can transform your skin, digestion, immunity , and much more.…
hidden benefits walking
9 benefits of walking we bet you didn’t know! Did you know walking can be the miracle pill for eternal youth? Everyone knows walking is good for…
Greek Yogurt: Discover the secret ingredient to the real Spartan strength Greek yogurt is probably the tastiest way you can enhance your gut microflora. Read more to find out…
alcohol toxic
7 startling facts that will make you quit alcohol today Does drinking really make you friendly and happy? How many calories does a can of cold beer add…
Potassium healthy
Potassium: How only 100 mg a day can dramatically increase your lifespan! The word potassium comes from the process where wood ashes were stored in pots for extraction. What else…
Blood Disorders cancer
Immunotherapy immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts the body's immune system to identify the cancer cells and fight cancer.
Lung cancer xray
Lobectomy Lobectomy is a surgery where a lobe of the diseased lung is removed. It is mainly done to…
heartfail_2
Open Heart Surgery An open heart surgery is a major procedure performed to treat heart diseases like congenital heart problem, heart…
Tart Cherry: The healthiest excuse for taking that second serving of pie Tart cherry has been traditionally used in delectable desserts such as pies. Recent studies have revealed that its…
These are the top foods to increase your hemoglobin count It is important to add iron-rich foods into your diet in order to increase hemoglobin. Deficiency of hemoglobin could…
biopsy procedure
Biopsy Biopsy is a procedure of studying a live tissue sample collected from a specific organ for diagnosing a…
chloride test
Chloride Test A chloride test of the blood checks the level of chloride in body, an important factor governing the…
Mood swings
The real reasons for your mood swings and how to overcome them Are you prone to heated moods frequently? Do you also feel bouts of depressive feeling creeping up on…
L-theanine attention
L-Theanine: Better sleep, higher focus, and many other benefits Did you know that L-theanine found in green tea can make you sleep better and be focused at…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
What is Qigong and how can it help you channelize you inner “Qi”? Qigong is an integrated way of performing a traditional exercise regimen that can help in promoting health, mental…
Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody (tTG) Test Transglutaminase is an enzyme present in our body and is involved in protein metabolism. A tTg test is…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
Period sanitary napkin-menstruaion-blood-colors
Period blood – what it says about your health Your period blood color and consistency indicate what is happening in your body. Is your blood bright red…
acne removal tips
Anatomy of acne: 7 instant steps to kiss those zits goodbye Blackheads, whiteheads, or pimples-call them what you may. Acne is never good news.Did you know some of the…
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…
reflexology massage
Top reasons why you should go for a reflexology massage today Reflexology involves the application of pressure to your feet and hands to encourage self-healing. Could this be beneficial…
Bronchoscopy procedure
Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy is a procedure where in a scope is inserted into the lung pathway to observe any growth…
APL IgM Test
Antiphospholipid Antibody(APL)-IgM test The antiphospholipid antibodies are specific protein in the body directed against the phospholipids. It is used to detect…

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