Connective Tissue Diseases

Connective tissues arthitis

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

What are the Connective Tissues?

There are several types of tissue in the human body and each kind has a specified function. The four main types are epithelial, muscular, connective and nervous tissues. The role of connective tissue, as the name suggests, is to bind, support and connect other tissues and organs together. It is the most abundant form of tissue in the body and can take many different forms. Examples of connective tissues include cartilage, adipose tissue (fat), blood and bone.

Connective tissues painOn a fundamental level, all connective tissue is composed of more or less the same mix of components. They are made up of a variety of living cells embedded in a matrix composed of non-living components including fibers and an amorphous ground substance. These three components come together to form the glue that provides the extracellular matrix for other tissues and organs. Typically, connective tissues consist of a far higher proportion of non-living substance than living cells.

The most common type of fiber is the tough proteinaceous collagen. Other types include elastic and reticular fibers. Ground substance performs the role of a medium facilitating the exchange of substances between the blood and various tissues. It can exist in liquid form (as in the plasma of blood), gelatinous (in areolar tissue), rubbery (in cartilage) or rigid form (as in bone).

 

What are Connective Tissue Diseases and What Forms Do They Take?

There are several disorders that can directly affect the various connective tissues of the body. Since connective tissues form the structural framework within our bodies, diseases affecting them will also have an impact on organs and other tissues associated with them. There can be difficulties relating to the muscles, skin, and joints as a result of connective tissue disease (CTD). Some of these diseases are hereditary. Others may be caused or triggered by infection, autoimmune disorders or injury. Yet others have no identifiable cause.

Hereditary Connective Tissue Disorders

This a group of disorders of the connective tissue that arise as a result of defective mutations in the genes. Because these genetic changes are inherited, the symptoms and signs of these disorders are most likely to manifest early on in life. Typically, they affect the way that connective tissues are formed and developed. An example is discussed below:

  • Marfan Syndrome: Fibrillin is a substance that imparts strength to connective tissue. An abnormality in the gene that codes for fibrillin is responsible for causing Marfan syndrome, a rare, hereditary CTD. As a result, the connective tissues are weakened to the extent that they become distorted under stress and may even rupture or tear. This adversely affects the bones, joints, muscles and internal organs such as the heart, eyes, lungs, brain and spinal cord. The stresses of pumping blood can cause the heart’s valves to weaken and become permanently distorted. This can lead to serious complications including fatality. The severity of symptoms is variable and they generally only become noticeable in adulthood. Individuals with Marfan syndrome tend to display certain peculiar physical characteristics such as arm span greater than their height, spidery fingers, deformed breastbone and spine, flat feet and unusually flexible joints. This is not a curable condition but advances in medical technology have helped improve life expectancy.

 

Autoimmune Connective Tissue Disease

Connective tissues arthitisIn some cases, the actual causes of connective tissue dysfunction are not well understood. However, it is believed that they are brought about by aberrant behavior of the immune system or autoimmune disorder. The function of the immune system is to target and destroy pathogens and toxic material. Sometimes, and often for unknown reasons, the immune system turns on the healthy cells and tissues of the body, causing them to become inflamed and damaged. It is believed that those with autoimmune disorders have a genetic predisposition to it.

  • Rheumatoid arthritis: This a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the joints. It is one the most common CTDs. The synovial membrane lining the insides of joints becomes inflamed and thickened as a result of an autoimmune activity. This makes movement difficult and painful. Patients also experience severe fatigue. Over time, this can lead to permanent damage of the cartilages as well as deformity and failure of joints. This is a systemic disease that is also capable of adversely affecting the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. In some cases, this condition is known to be inherited.

 

Mixed Connective Tissue Disorders (MCTD)

CONNECTIVE TISSUESCertain cases are termed mixed CTDs because they display symptoms and laboratory findings confirming the simultaneous existence of multiple known CTDs. Usually, MCTD patients will exhibit overlapping characteristics of diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis and rheumatoid arthritis. The symptoms of these different diseases do not necessarily coexist all at once. They may manifest at different periods of life.

Typical early signs include swelling of the fingers, Raynaud’s phenomenon (the extremities become blue under cold conditions and turn red in response to heat), rashes and muscle and joint pains. In some cases, this remains a progressive condition despite treatment and can eventually cause fatal complications. Others may only experience mild symptoms throughout life.

 

Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease (UCTD)

This label is applicable to cases where patients have symptoms as well as laboratory results pointing to a recognized CTD although they may not present enough such characteristics to qualify for a formal diagnosis. This is not to be confused with mixed connective tissue diseases (MCTD). To make the distinction clear, MCTD patients typically exhibit sufficient symptoms and characteristics to qualify for a definitive diagnosis of two or more recognized CTDs.

UCTD usually presents mild symptoms and follows a slow course of progression. Most patients will never progress into more severe forms of CTD. The most commonly observed symptoms in such cases are joint pain, swollen joints, low-grade fever, hair loss, rashes on the face, reduced tear and saliva production, Raynaud’s phenomenon, photosensitivity and oral ulcers.

 

How is Connective Tissue Disease Diagnosed?

The specific process of diagnosis is dependent on the nature of symptoms displayed by the patient. However, certain basic diagnostic procedures include:

  • Physical examination and medical history
  • Blood tests
  • Urine tests
  • Imaging tests such as X-rays, ultrasounds and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Tissue biopsy

 

Treatment and prevention

Mixed connective tissue disease

Treatment 

  • Medications to help prevent the immune system from attacking healthy cells are prescribed to those who have been diagnosed with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD).
  • Medications to prevent flare-ups and suppress the symptoms of mild mixed connective tissue diseases are prescribed.
  • Those who have been diagnosed with Raynaud’s disease along with MCTD are prescribed calcium channel blocker to help relax the muscle lining in the blood vessels.
  • In the patient who has been diagnosed with other conditions such as lupus, for instance, are provided with immunosuppressant’s to reduce their symptoms.

Prevention 

Since this is an autoimmune disease, there are no sure shot prevention methods. There are certain lifestyle changes and risk factors that can delay the onset of this condition.

  • Reduce stress levels.
  • Do not indulge in smoking; this habit tends to restrict the blood flow, thereby aggravating the symptoms.
  • Keep your hands covered in cold temperatures.

Marfan syndrome 

Treatment 

  • Medications that help in controlling blood pressure are prescribed to those who have been diagnosed with this condition. This medication helps in inhibiting the aorta from enlarging and rupturing.
  • Medications to decrease the force with which the heart beats are prescribed to those who have been diagnosed with this condition.
  • Contact lenses or glasses will be prescribed to those who have a dislocated lens in their eyes, due to Marfan syndrome.
  • Surgery will be recommended if the aorta enlarges and is 2 inches. Here, surgeons may replace a part of the aorta with a synthetic tube. In some cases, the entire aorta is replaced.
  • A back brace will be prescribed for children who have been diagnosed with Marfan syndrome, to help them restore their posture. At times, surgery may be needed to correct their posture.
  • Surgical correction of the breastbone may be done.
  • In patients whose retina has been torn or become lose may be recommended to get a corrective surgery done.

Prevention

Since Marfan syndrome is a genetic condition, there are no sure shot ways to prevent it. There are certain risk facts and lifestyle changes that one can make to delay the onset of this condition.

  • Do not indulge in contact or competitive sports.
  • Do not smoke.
  • Do not consume alcohol.

Raynaud’s disease 

Treatment 

  • Medications to help relax the blood vessels in the body may be prescribed to those who have been diagnosed with this condition.
  • Medications to relax the blood vessels along with reducing the symptoms and treating skin ulcers can be prescribed to those who have been diagnosed with Raynaud’s disease.
  • A surgical procedure to strip the sympathetic nerves in the affected hands and feet is conducted. This procedure is called sympathectomy. This procedure helps in reducing the symptoms and flare-ups of this condition.
  • Injections of onabotulinumtoxin type A are prescribed to patients to help reduce their symptoms of Raynaud’s disease.

Prevention 

  • Avoid smoking.
  • Reduce stress.
  • Avoid any rapid temperature change.
  • Exercise regularly.
  • Take extra caution in cold temperatures.

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Exercise regularly, doing so helps in supporting the joints and increases flexibility – in the case of joint pains.
  • Use a blanket to keep warm – in case of a fever.
  • Dry hair gently, using a rough towel and using force can damage your hair – in case of hair loss.
Don'ts
  • Ignore your body weight, maintaining a healthy body weight tends to put less pressure on the joints – in the case of joint pains.
  • Have a cold bath; doing so can aggravate the fever – in case of fever.
  • Use a bristled brush to style your hair, this tends to cause more breakage – in case of hair loss.

 

 

 

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cancer-389921_1280
Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy or radiotherapy is used to treat cancer. The treatment includes high doses of radiation to destroy…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
CLA: A breakthrough weight loss supplement with minimal side effects Tried every weight loss supplement in the market with no substantial gain? Why not try CLA supplements, derived…
common mental disorders
Common mental health disorders :The silent stigma surrounding millions More than 300 million sufferers and yet a silent and agonizing stigma; why are people still hush-hush about…
amylase test
Amylase Test Amylase test is done by checking the level of this protein in the blood sample and also in…
Cordyceps: How the Caterpillar fungus works as a proven cancer-shield Strange as it may sound, but cordyceps or "caterpillar fungus", a fungus variety native to the Himalayas may…
eating disorder anorexia
Eating Disorders: Lifestyle choice or a psychological condition? Is eating disorder just a harmless bad habit? Or does it represent grim psychological disorders? Do you want…
rosacea-treatment--before-_-after
The best and safest ways to treat rosacea Rosacea is a skin disease that is characterized by reddish hives and rashes on the face. Read more…
Hydroquinone: Is it the best topical treatment for hyperpigmentation? Darkening of the skin due to high melanin levels is called hyperpigmentation.  Hydroquinone interferes with melanin production thus treating…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
Milk Thistle skin
Milk Thistle: Find possible cures for fatal diseases in these purple blooms Milk thistle is well-known for treating liver conditions. However, did you know that it comes with a plethora…
Cottage cheese: What can you find in this healthy chunk of fresh milk cheese? Love cheese but scared of putting on extra pounds? With cottage cheese, you can get the best of…
Heart diseases patient
Heart Valve Surgery A heart valve surgery is a procedure to replace or repair the diseased heart valves. The most commonly…
Sputum test Sputum test is a commonly used diagnostic tool that is used to examine the presence of pathogens in…
Miracle extract from the root of maca: 10 ways it can help you! Maca root has been used for years in herbal medicine. Today scientific research is unearthing fresh evidence in…
Quinine: How gin and tonic came to be known as a potent health elixir The discovery of quinine-containing tree bark is sometimes considered the most serendipitous medical discovery of the 17th century.
Oxidative Stress: Understanding the most lethal phenomenon happening in your body right now Free radicals cause damage to the body, which is known as oxidation.  The amount of oxidation caused by…
Vitamin K2: 8 reasons why you need this bone-building & cancer-fighting nutrient Vitamin K2 is claimed to be essential for your bone health, for reducing the risk of cancer, and…
Low fat diets
A complete list of low-fat diets and how to follow them Low-fat diets help you lose weight in a healthy way, but it works only with regular exercise and…
Vagus nerve: 7 health benefits of stimulating the “gut-brain” connection As a matter of fact, there are two vagus nerves namely the left and the right but is…
Mood swings
The real reasons for your mood swings and how to overcome them Are you prone to heated moods frequently? Do you also feel bouts of depressive feeling creeping up on…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
myelogram
Myelography Myelography is an important diagnostic tool that is used to investigate and identify abnormalities in the spine and…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
angiography
Angiography Angiography is a diagnostic tool used to determine the narrowing or blockage in the arteries and veins supplying…
How can berberine supplements help you live longer and healthier? Berberine is a turmeric look-alike herbal extract that is credited with numerous health benefits ranging from diabetes cure…
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…
nutritional yeast bread
Nutritional Yeast : How can a fungi culture be good for your body? Nutritional yeast: How a simple culture of fungi can transform your skin, digestion, immunity , and much more.…
hidden benefits walking
9 benefits of walking we bet you didn’t know! Did you know walking can be the miracle pill for eternal youth? Everyone knows walking is good for…
Greek Yogurt: Discover the secret ingredient to the real Spartan strength Greek yogurt is probably the tastiest way you can enhance your gut microflora. Read more to find out…
alcohol toxic
7 startling facts that will make you quit alcohol today Does drinking really make you friendly and happy? How many calories does a can of cold beer add…
Potassium healthy
Potassium: How only 100 mg a day can dramatically increase your lifespan! The word potassium comes from the process where wood ashes were stored in pots for extraction. What else…
Blood Disorders cancer
Immunotherapy immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts the body's immune system to identify the cancer cells and fight cancer.
Lung cancer xray
Lobectomy Lobectomy is a surgery where a lobe of the diseased lung is removed. It is mainly done to…
heartfail_2
Open Heart Surgery An open heart surgery is a major procedure performed to treat heart diseases like congenital heart problem, heart…
Tart Cherry: The healthiest excuse for taking that second serving of pie Tart cherry has been traditionally used in delectable desserts such as pies. Recent studies have revealed that its…
These are the top foods to increase your hemoglobin count It is important to add iron-rich foods into your diet in order to increase hemoglobin. Deficiency of hemoglobin could…
biopsy procedure
Biopsy Biopsy is a procedure of studying a live tissue sample collected from a specific organ for diagnosing a…
L-theanine attention
L-Theanine: Better sleep, higher focus, and many other benefits Did you know that L-theanine found in green tea can make you sleep better and be focused at…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
What is Qigong and how can it help you channelize you inner “Qi”? Qigong is an integrated way of performing a traditional exercise regimen that can help in promoting health, mental…
Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody (tTG) Test Transglutaminase is an enzyme present in our body and is involved in protein metabolism. A tTg test is…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
Period sanitary napkin-menstruaion-blood-colors
Period blood – what it says about your health Your period blood color and consistency indicate what is happening in your body. Is your blood bright red…
acne removal tips
Anatomy of acne: 7 instant steps to kiss those zits goodbye Blackheads, whiteheads, or pimples-call them what you may. Acne is never good news.Did you know some of the…
reflexology massage
Top reasons why you should go for a reflexology massage today Reflexology involves the application of pressure to your feet and hands to encourage self-healing. Could this be beneficial…
Bronchoscopy procedure
Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy is a procedure where in a scope is inserted into the lung pathway to observe any growth…
APL IgM Test
Antiphospholipid Antibody(APL)-IgM test The antiphospholipid antibodies are specific protein in the body directed against the phospholipids. It is used to detect…
Hibiscus: Nourish your beauty and health with these vibrant blooms Hibiscus is a trumpet shaped flower found abundantly in tropical countries. It has been historically used for its…
Pelvic_ultrasound
Pelvic Ultrasound Pelvic ultrasound is a process where sound waves are used to create image of your pelvic region organs…
Erythritol: A healthy sugar substitute or yet another marketing ploy? Erythritol is a popular choice of a healthy alternative sweetening agent in foods. But how healthy can a…
helping friend with depression
Support and care tips for helping people with depression Read to find out what is depression, its causes and symptoms. Also check out the steps describing how…

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