Teething

Teething crib

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview of teething

There are several milestones in the growing years of a child. These include- crawling, walking, the growth of teeth and the development of speech. Among all these milestones, teething seems to be the most unpleasant and painful experience for a child. It is an indicator of the development of a child’s first set of teeth. Medically, teething is not a disease. But there are numerous complications related to this condition that a child has to cope with. It usually starts at the age of 4 months and can extend up to 8 months. Teething marks a very important stage in the dental development of a child. Parents should take care so that no oral or dental disease develops during this period.

 

What is teething?

Teething cribTeething or “difficult dentition” or “dentition difficilis” is the natural phenomenon of the eruption of the first few teeth in the earliest stage of a child’s development. It starts with the appearance of upper and lower incisors. Normally, the process starts at the age of 4 months and is almost complete at the age of 8 months. The process is fully complete within the age of 30-36 months, with the eruption of the second primary molars. Usually, the two front teeth present in the bottom are the first ones to erupt. Around 4-8 weeks later, the four front teeth present in the upper gum appear. Within 3 years of age, almost all children have their 20 primary teeth formed. 

 

How does teething occur?

The phenomenon of teething involves two main processes- bone formation and bone resorption. An eruption pathway is generated on opposite sides of the dental follicle. The common tooth germs from within the dental follicle at this stage. A reduced enamel epithelium forms over the dental follicles. The enamel epithelium and the oral epithelium merge at the cusp of the erupting tooth. In the next stage, the upper layer (of fused epithelium) degrades. The development of the periodontal ligament, pulp, and roots of the teeth occurs in the next stage. Finally, the tooth crown emerges and the process of growth of teeth is complete.

 

What are the factors regulating teething?

There are numerous factors that regulate the mechanism of teeth development. Some of these factors may accelerate the process, while some may delay it. The commonly studied factors are listed below-

  • Genes: A particular variety of gene called C-FOS is responsible for “protein-coding” in the early years of a child’s development. Mutations or abnormal activities of this gene can adversely impact the process of teeth development.
  • Hormones: Some important hormones that are regulators of the teething mechanism are- Thyroid hormones, Parathyroid hormones and Pituitary Growth Hormones. These hormones also regulate the functioning of the salivary glands which become overactive during teeth development.
  • Growth factors: Certain growth factors such as Transforming Growth Factors β1 (TGF- β1), Colony Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) are directly related to “teething”. Infants feeding on breast milk for a long period of time usually have a healthy and timely teething. On the other hand, malnourished children usually exhibit an extremely delayed teething with numerous complications.
  • Cytokines: A few harmful chemicals are released into the child’s body during the “teething period” that lead to the complications associated with teething. These chemicals are called cytokines. A few examples of these types of chemicals are- Interleukin 1α (IL-1α), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Tumour Necrotising Factor α (TNF- α) and Interleukin 10.
  • Proteins: A few proteins are closely related to “teething”. These are- Immunoglobulin-A (IgA), Parathyroid Hormone related Peptide (PTHrP) and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1). Defects in protein-coding can lead to complications in the teething period. 

 

What are the common signs and symptoms?

Teething painTeething is accompanied by two main types of symptoms- localized and systemic. The localized symptoms include- irritation and swelling of gums, rubbing of gums and constant thumb-sucking. The systemic manifestations include- excessive drooling, poor appetite, restlessness, constant crying, fever, and irritability. The symptoms are discussed in details below-

  • Drooling: In a few infants, excessive drooling occurs within the age of 3-4 months. This occurs due to the generation of excess saliva in the mouth.
  • Biting: A baby in its teething period tends to bite and nibble at every solid object around it. This helps relieve the pressure of emerging teeth under the gums.
  • Rubbing: A teething baby is often found to rub its cheeks and pull its ears frequently. This happens due to pain in the gums radiating to the cheeks and ears. This symptom is more prominent when the back molars start erupting.
  • Coughing: A baby is found to cough constantly during the teething period. This occurs due to the accumulation of excess saliva in the mouth.
  • Irritation: Irritation and inflammation of gums occur during the teething process. This is also accompanied by soreness and redness of gums when the molars erupt.
  • Rashes: Red patches and tiny reddish dots may appear on the chin and around the mouth. This is often a result of excessive salivation and constant drooling that irritates the sensitive skin of the child.
  • Flu-like symptomsA child may be found to have a low-grade fever and an extremely runny nose, with constant itching during the teething period. A proper diagnosis should be carried out to check whether the symptoms are associated with teething or any other infection.
  • Disturbed sleep: Interrupted sleep occurs especially at night, due to increasing pain caused by the developing molars.
  • Bowel incontinence: Some children show Diarrhoea-like symptoms during teething. This is caused by the swallowing of excess saliva that increases the liquidity of the stool.
  • General malaise: The child may exhibit restlessness, irritability and constant crying. 

 

What are the necessary diagnostic tests?

Dental caries may develop at an advanced stage when the child has already grown a few teeth. Dental probe and dental radiograph are recommended by the dentists in such cases.

 

Treatment and management

Teething infantThere are no treatments for teething. However, the sore gums of the baby can be managed by the following methods:

  • Hard foods– Giving the baby chilled solid foodstuffs to bite on (such as a peeled cucumber or carrot) can ease the irritation.
  • Teething toys– Hygienic and cold teething toys can be given to the baby to ease the sore gums. A cold washcloth, a cold spoon etc. can also help to relieve the discomfort. Use of fluid-filled teething rings should be avoided. The teething toy should be safe for the baby.
  • Gum massage– Massaging with a mild pressure can help in relieving the discomfort. A clean finger or a moistened gauze pad can be used to massage the baby’s gums.
  • Over-the-counter remedy- In cases where the baby becomes cranky and irritable, over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen can be given.

As teething is a natural phenomenon occurring while the teeth erupt in the mouth, there are no methods to prevent it.

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Massage your baby’s gums. Massaging with a mild pressure can help in relieving the discomfort. A clean finger or a moistened gauze pad can be used to massage the baby’s gums.
  • Give chilled solid foodstuffs such as a peeled cucumber or carrot to ease the irritation.
  • Take your baby for a regular dental checkup as soon as the first tooth erupts in the baby’s oral cavity.
Don'ts
  • Leave the baby unattended after giving hard foods such as carrots or cucumbers. A broken piece might cause choking.
  • Use homeopathic teething medications and medications which have benzocaine or lidocaine. They might be harmful to the baby and even prove fatal in some cases.
  • Ignore symptoms such as a high fever, diarrhea, rash etc. Consult a pediatric dentist.

 

 

 

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9 benefits of walking we bet you didn’t know! Did you know walking can be the miracle pill for eternal youth? Everyone knows walking is good for…
How to correctly perform nasal irrigation using a Neti Pot? Neti pot has been a part of Ayurveda since centuries. This ancient tool is extremely effective in treating…
Experts reveal the safest ways to perform an enema at home The idea of pushing some up your rectal area might make you queasy but an enema could actually…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
GERD heartburn
Heartburn: What are the exact symptoms and the best home remedies? There are easy home remedies for heartburn, which not only acts as a first aid when you experience…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
blood elements analysis
Blood Element Analysis Test A blood element analysis is a blood test performed to measure the level of toxic elements such as…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
anoscopy
Anoscopy Anoscopy is an invasive diagnostic procedure where a small device known as anoscope will be inserted in the…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
Diabetes blood test
Diabetic Profile The diabetic profile is a set of tests used for testing and monitoring the various kinds of Diabetes…
oral hygiene tips
6 shocking consequences of bad oral hygiene (and how to avoid them) Did you know bad breath is not just turning off, but also harms your body in ways you…
Dragon Fruit – Blessing from Nature’s Basket Dragon fruit is packed with nutrients but low on calories. It is the dream food that can help…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
ashwagandha brain
Ashwagandha: The best-kept secret of Ayurveda now revealed! Ashwagandha literally means "smell of horse". Don't get bogged down by that one tiny detail because this ayurveduic…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
Cayenne: The remarkable benefits of these red hot chili peppers These may make you rush for a glass of water, but cayenne pepper is actually a healthy additive…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
glucose-tolerance
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test – GTT Glucose tolerance test (or Oral GTT) is used to detect the onset of diabetes or prediabetes conditions. It…
ASTtest-liver
AST- Aspartate Aminotransferase Test AST test is a blood test that is used to measure the level of a particular liver enzyme…
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPIDANTIBODY(APL)_IgG
Antiphospholipid (APL) antibody-IgG The Antiphospholipid Antibody testing is a blood test used to determine an autoimmune disorder called Antiphospholipid syndrome linked…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
Okra: How can this nutrient-dense vegetable help you fight diabetes? Okra is a food which is rich in nutrients and minerals which are extremely essential for a healthy…
Hepatitis A virus infected liver
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Total Blood test to look for IgM antibodies to know if you are infected with Hepatitis A virus (HAV),…
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…
sugar toxic health
Sugar: 7 new shocking truths revealed about the sweet poison Can drinking soda bring you closer to death? Is sugar slowly poisoning you and your family? You would…
L-theanine attention
L-Theanine: Better sleep, higher focus, and many other benefits Did you know that L-theanine found in green tea can make you sleep better and be focused at…
aspartame or sugar
Aspartame – Hidden truths about this storm in a teacup Aspartame, the artificial sweetener, has gone under the scanner on several occasions for allegedly doing more harm than…
High Fiber Diet – Fire up your fiber intake for these health benefits! Regular bowels, healthy detox, higher immunity, and guaranteed weight loss - a high fiber diet can bring all…
gallbladder diet tomato
Gallbladder surgery :Tips on post-operative care and diet What to eat post a gallbladder surgery? What are the key things to avoid if you had a…
DHEA wrinkles
DHEA: Now get unbelievable age defiance with this wonder hormone! DHEA is known popularly as the age-defying hormone. This supplement is widely used to slow down aging and…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
How can berberine supplements help you live longer and healthier? Berberine is a turmeric look-alike herbal extract that is credited with numerous health benefits ranging from diabetes cure…
Pescatarian Diet 101: What are the inherent health advantages of this diet? People opt to become a pescatarian in order to enrich their bodies with the essential health benefits that…
shakeology woman
Meal replacement or protein drink? Learn all about Shakeology and its claims Shakeology from Beachbody claims to be the most suitable shake that can aid in weight loss, regulate blood…
hemoglobin variant analysis
Hemoglobin Variant Analysis Hemoglobin variant analysis is a blood test that is used to detect the presence of hemoglobin variants which…
cystatin C
Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a specific single-chain protein that is found in body fluids and is a biomarker for…
piles fissure fistula
Allopathy vs homeopathy vs ayurveda treatment for piles, fissures, and fistula Read to know the best form of treatment among allopathy, homeopathy,or ayurveda for piles, fissures, and fistula
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
lose weight fast
12 easy and instant steps to successful weight loss Do you want to lose weight without losing your mind? Does weight loss always mean saying goodbye to…

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