Hypothermia

Hypothermia man

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview of hypothermia

Regulation of body temperature is essential for the existence and survival of human beings. Fluctuations in the normal body temperature may result from environmental and physiological factors. In either case, an adverse systemic response is generated in the body. “Hypothermia” is one such disorder which is more prevalent in extremely cold conditions. Inhabitants of the cold climatic zones are the primary vulnerable groups of the disease. New-borns are also susceptible to the disease in many cases.

It affects the metabolic system of the body adversely and can even cause death. In the last few years, hypothermia has contributed significantly towards the steadily increasing morbidity and mortality rates.

 

What is hypothermia?

Hypothermia low temperatureHypothermia is the medical condition in which the core body temperature drops below 35oC due to the inability of the body to generate adequate heat to maintain normal physiological mechanisms.

It is basically a clinical condition where the patient’s body is at sub-normal temperature.

Disruption of the normal cerebral and muscular functions occurs in this condition. In hypothermic patients, the rate of heat loss is more than the rate of heat generation.

The body loses its capacity to restore its normal temperature and this leads to hypothermia. This disease occurs after an exposure to extreme cold conditions, certain medications or due to some pre-existing illnesses.

 

How does temperature regulation occur in the body?

Before proceeding to details it is important to know the following mechanisms of core temperature regulation within the body-

  • Vasodilation: The blood vessels dilate in this condition. This increases the surface blood flow and the heat loss. A surface blood flow of 3000 ml/min occurs under maximum dilation condition.
  • Vasoconstriction: The blood vessels constrict in this condition. This leads to a reduction in peripheral blood flow. This mechanism retains the body heat. Under maximum vasoconstriction, the rate of cutaneous blood flow drops to 30 ml/min.
  • Perspiration: Loss of body heat occurs through evaporation in this case.
  • Shivering: It is the process of heat generation through an increase in muscular chemical reactions. The surface heat production increases by about 500%.

 

What causes hypothermia?

Hypothermia occurs due to an abnormal drop in the core body temperature. The general precipitating factors are as follows-

  • The absence of sufficient acclimatization (capacity of the body to adapt to changing temperatures in the environment)
  • Wearing insufficient warm clothing in very cold conditions
  • Exposure to a cold climate for a long time
  • Wearing moist clothes
  • Accidental exposure to a cold environment (Eg: Immersion in cold water after a boat accident)
  • Power cut for a long time, that causes room heaters to stop functioning
  • Excessive drug and alcohol abuse (causes vasodilation)
  • Certain over-the-counter medications such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and tranquilizers (Eg: Benzodiazepines) and beta-blockers
  • Loss of adaptability to changing climates due to aging
  • Cerebrovascular attacks
  • Systemic problems such as brain tumors, spinal cord problems, and trauma
  • Endocrinal problems such as Hypothyroidism, Hypoadrenalism, and Hypoglycaemia
  • Severe renal, hepatic or cardiac problems
  • Skin problems such as exfoliative dermatitis
  • Poor diet (diet deficient in vitamins and essential micronutrients)
  • Extreme fatigue and exhaustion
  • Dehydration due to low intake of fluids

 

What are the symptoms of hypothermia?

Hypothermia manHypothermia usually manifests through some specific symptoms. These will be discussed in separate sections-

Early warning signs

  • Feeling very cold
  • Extreme shivering
  • Appearance of goosebumps
  • Clumsiness
  • Loss of coordination
  • Mild speech impairment (slurred speech)
  • Numbness of hands and fingertips
  • Aloofness
  • Irrational and illogical behavior
  • Cold, reddish and dry skin

Symptoms after drop in body temperature

  • Cessation of shivering
  • Low pulse rate (may be absent in some cases)
  • Low respiratory rate
  • Gradual loss of consciousness
  • Bluish discoloration of the skin

At a body temperature of around 30oC

The following symptoms are common when the body temperature drops to 30oC-

 

What are the different stages of hypothermia?

Hypothermia typically progresses through the following stages-

  • Stage I: Body temperature is normal at this stage. It ranges from 36o-37o. The patient does not show any visible symptom.
  • Stage II: This stage marks the onset of mild hypothermia. The body temperature varies between 32-35o The prominent symptoms are- bluish skin, extreme shivering, the appearance of goose-bumps, mumbled speech, memory problems, mental confusion.
  • Stage III: Moderate hypothermia occurs with a body temperature of 28-32o Shivering does not occur anymore. The patient experiences drowsiness and hallucinations.
  • Stage IV: Here the body temperature drops below 28o This is called severe hypothermia. The main characteristics are- cessation of cardiac and respiratory functions, fainting and abnormal stiffness.

 

What are the different types of hypothermia?

Hypothermia treatmentThe classification of hypothermia depends on the rate of heat loss. These are as follows-

  • Acute hypothermia: This is also known as “immersion hypothermia”. It occurs in accidental situations such as falling into water or snow avalanche wherein the person loses heat very quickly. Asphyxia (breathlessness) occurs in a few cases.
  • Subacute hypothermia: Doctors call this condition “Exhaustion hypothermia”. It is common in people who go for mountaineering for long hours at a stretch. Presence of cold windy weather may aggravate the symptoms.
  • Chronic hypothermia: This is a relatively long-lasting situation. It is more prevalent in elderly people who live in poor heating conditions and unhygienic environments. A patient who has recently suffered a congestive heart failure or stroke is more likely to develop chronic hypothermia.

 

What are the main diagnostic tests?

A few laboratory examinations are necessary for the diagnosis of the hypothermic patients. Here is a list of the tests-

  • Blood test (to detect a drop in RBC count)
  • Lung test (to check the functioning of the lungs)

 

What is the treatment?

  • Getting the person to a warm atmosphere and gently removing damp clothes from his/her body. He/she should be exposed to warm temperature and not sudden hot temperature.
  • It is important to warm the trunk of the body first and not the extremities as it can lead to shock.
  • Refrain from rapid warming. Also, don’t apply direct heat to the body.
  • Call for medical help and initiate CPR till the help arrives.
  • Wrap the person’s head and neck and administer warm, non-alcoholic fluids.

 

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Seek immediate medical help if you see anyone experiencing hypothermia. Keep the head and neck region well-covered and protected from the cold wind till help arrives.
  • Remove all wet clothing from the affected person. Cover him/her with dry clothes and warm blankets.
  • Start performing CPR on the individual if you see no signs of movement. But make sure you know the right techniques.
Don'ts
  • Move or jerk the person quickly. Make sure he/she is gently moved.
  • Initiate sudden or rapid warming up of the person. Don’t let the person take an immediate hot bath or shower. It should be done gradually.
  • Offer the person alcohol or cigarettes.

 

 

 

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Open Heart Surgery An open heart surgery is a major procedure performed to treat heart diseases like congenital heart problem, heart…
Coffee Enema: Turn your favorite morning beverage into a powerful colon cleanser The wonders of coffee are not just limited to waking you up every morning. You can now use…
Quinine: How gin and tonic came to be known as a potent health elixir The discovery of quinine-containing tree bark is sometimes considered the most serendipitous medical discovery of the 17th century.
Tart Cherry: The healthiest excuse for taking that second serving of pie Tart cherry has been traditionally used in delectable desserts such as pies. Recent studies have revealed that its…
Shilajit: A miracle Himalayan herb for an active and happy life The Himalayas contain more wonders than you thought. Shilajit is a miracle herb that is widely used in…
Jack in the box fast food
Jack In the Box : The perils of surging fast food culture in the USA Jack in the Box - How a culture of fast-food can clog your arteries, weaken your heart, fatten…
anti ds dna test
Anti Ds-DNA antibody Test The  Anti Ds-DNA antibody test is used to diagnose the disease called lupus or more aptly the SLE(Systematic…
Ca 19.9 test
CA19.9 Test CA 19.9 is a cancer antigen that exists on the surface of cancer-causing cells. The levels of CA…
These are the top foods to increase your hemoglobin count It is important to add iron-rich foods into your diet in order to increase hemoglobin. Deficiency of hemoglobin could…
Vagus nerve: 7 health benefits of stimulating the “gut-brain” connection As a matter of fact, there are two vagus nerves namely the left and the right but is…
Chest X-Ray A chest x-ray is a diagnostic test that uses x-rays to visualize the structures inside your chest. It…
CLA: A breakthrough weight loss supplement with minimal side effects Tried every weight loss supplement in the market with no substantial gain? Why not try CLA supplements, derived…
HSV-1_IGG
Herpes Simplex Virus I (HSV)-IgG Test Herpes simplex virus I(HSV)-IgG is an Immunoglobulin protein that acts as an antibody & stays in the blood…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
What is Qigong and how can it help you channelize you inner “Qi”? Qigong is an integrated way of performing a traditional exercise regimen that can help in promoting health, mental…
Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody (tTG) Test Transglutaminase is an enzyme present in our body and is involved in protein metabolism. A tTg test is…
6 arguments in favour of glucosamine and where can you find it Studies have shown that glucosamine works by preventing the breakdown of cartilage of the joints. This is usually…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
vital organ diseases
Common diseases that could cripple your vital organs Brain, heart, kidney, lungs, and liver - these vital organs are indeed vital for your survival. However, these…
Cordyceps: How the Caterpillar fungus works as a proven cancer-shield Strange as it may sound, but cordyceps or "caterpillar fungus", a fungus variety native to the Himalayas may…
reflexology massage
Top reasons why you should go for a reflexology massage today Reflexology involves the application of pressure to your feet and hands to encourage self-healing. Could this be beneficial…
General adaptation syndrome: Understanding stress, one step at a time The struggle of the body to produce hormones during a stressful situation is the main theme of general…
Thyroid disorders
Thyroid Profile Thyroid profile is a panel of blood tests performed to check if an individual is suffering from any…
Tamarind: The top health benefits of this staple Asian ingredient Did you know this sweet and sour pulpy fruit does more than just add a tangy flavor to…
Hibiscus: Nourish your beauty and health with these vibrant blooms Hibiscus is a trumpet shaped flower found abundantly in tropical countries. It has been historically used for its…
Erythritol: A healthy sugar substitute or yet another marketing ploy? Erythritol is a popular choice of a healthy alternative sweetening agent in foods. But how healthy can a…
Trisodium Phosphate: How a paint thinner made its way into your breakfast Ever thought how toxic chemicals find their way into our foods? How can they harm our body? And…
Miracle extract from the root of maca: 10 ways it can help you! Maca root has been used for years in herbal medicine. Today scientific research is unearthing fresh evidence in…
folate test
Folate test The Folate test measures and monitors the levels of folic acid in the blood. This test is also…
Psyllium Husk: More than just an effective natural laxative Psyllium husk, or isabgol, is a popular natural laxative . But did you in addition to regulating bowels,…
Alp enzyme-test
ALP test – Alkaline Phosphate ALP or alkaline phosphate is an enzyme mainly produced by the liver and gallbladder. ALP test measures the…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
edamame
Edamame: How healthy are these green baby beans? Edamame or "immature" soybeans are soft and easily digestable forms of soybeans that are great as an eveyday…
antiHEV IgM test
Anti hepatitis E virus (Anti HEV) IgM Test Anti HEV IgM test determines the level of the IgM antibodies in the blood, The disease is often…
sodium chloride
Halotherapy: How inhaling salt can work wonders for your body Halotherapy is quickly gaining popularity amongst those with respiratory diseases. It has shown promise in its treatment.
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…

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