Enteritis

ENTERITIS intestines

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Background

The small intestine is an important organ in the digestive system. It is a long and convoluted muscular tube which receives partially digested food from the stomach. Most of the chemical breakdown of the food we eat actually takes place in the small intestine. This organ is also responsible for absorption of the nutrients obtained through digestion. This function is performed by microscopic finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the organ. These are known as villi. The small intestine also maintains a colony of beneficial microorganisms, mainly different varieties of bacteria that aid in the breakdown of nutrients and also confer protection against harmful microbes.

The small intestine is composed of three parts. The duodenum is the section directly adjoining the exit of the stomach. This is followed by the jejunum and finally the ileum which feeds into the large intestine or colon. Just like any other organ, the small intestine can be impaired by disease, infection, and inflammation. One such affliction of the small intestine is enteritis.

 

What Is Enteritis?

ENTERITIS intestinesEnteritis is the medical term for having inflammation in the small intestines. The inflammation may be restricted to one part of the small intestine or it may involve the entire organ. Sometimes, inflammation also involves the stomach and the large intestine. Gastroenteritis refers to inflammation of the stomach and small intestine. Similarly, enterocolitis involves both the large and small intestines.

Treatment for this condition depends on its causes, which can vary widely. Known causes include infection, side-effects of certain treatments and medications and even autoimmune activity. Most often, enteritis is caused by bacterial infection and this can happen if food is not prepared, stored or handled in a hygienic manner. Whatever the cause of enteritis, this inflammation typically gives rise to symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting. As a result, the patient loses large quantities of water and essential electrolytes and this can lead to further problems.

 

What Causes It?

Any condition that irritates the tissues of the small intestine can potentially give rise to enteritis. This includes trauma inflicted by surgery or irritation induced by radiation therapy. Infection is one of the predominant causes. Usually, this condition is caused by bacterial infection although viral infection is also a possible cause. Bacterial infection may arise upon consuming contaminated water or food that has not been adequately cooked or hygienically handled. For instance, you risk developing enteritis if you consume unpasteurized milk or raw foods, especially meat. The same applies to partially cooked foods.

A more comprehensive list of possible causes follows below:

  • Drinking contaminated water.
  • Eating contaminated, uncooked or partially cooked food.
  • Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
  • Autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn’s disease.
  • Surgical trauma.
  • Radiation to the pelvic or abdominal areas.
  • Side effects of certain medications or illicit drugs.

 

What Are The Symptoms?

If you notice the following symptoms, you are likely suffering from a form of enteritis:

  • Fever (in case of infection)
  • Abdominal pain.
  • Loss of appetite.
  • Belching.
  • Nausea.
  • Vomiting.
  • Diarrhea. Blood may be present.
  • Mucus or bloody discharge from the rectum.

 

What Are The Different Types Of Enteritis?

ENTERITIS bacteriaDepending upon the severity of symptoms, duration, and patterns of onset, any case of enteritis may be described as either acute or chronic. Typically, acute cases involve sudden and severe onset of symptoms whereas in chronic cases, the symptoms set in gradually and worsen over a considerable length of time. Alternatively, they may come and go intermittently. The causes in both cases can vary. For instance, a bacterial infection usually gives rise to acute rather than chronic forms of enteritis.

Different variants of this condition are recognized on the basis of the causes. These are discussed below in brief:

  • Infectious enteritis: As the name indicates, this type is caused by bacterial or viral infection. This is usually the outcome of eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. Common bacterial pathogens implicated in this form of enteritis include Escherichia coli and Salmonella.
  • Staphylococcal enteritis: Staphylococcus bacteria produce certain toxins that, when consumed along with food, can irritate the small intestine and give rise to enteritis.
  • Autoimmune enteritis: Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own healthy cells, giving rise to inflammation. When the small intestine is the target of autoimmune activity, the patient can develop enteritis. If you have an autoimmune disease like rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, it is quite possible that you may develop autoimmune enteritis.
  • Radiation-induced enteritis: Enteritis may occur in patients receiving radiation therapy to the pelvic or abdominal regions. Some months after completion of the course of radiation treatment, the inflammation in the small intestine usually goes away. In some cases, it persists for a significant period of time.
  • Trauma-induced enteritis: Sometimes, the small intestine may sustain injury from a surgical intervention or invasive diagnostic procedures. This is a less common cause.

 

What Are Some Potential Complications?

ENTERITIS celiac diseaseThe main complication to worry about, if you are suffering from enteritis, is dehydration. Excessive diarrhea and vomiting lead to loss of water from the body and unless this is replenished, the patient will soon become dehydrated. This will leave them feeling weak, dizzy and very thirsty. Severe depletion of water from the body can lead to a dangerous condition known as hypovolemic shock. This can be life-threatening and should be treated as a medical emergency. Unless treated promptly, shock can lead to organ failure and death.

 

How Is It Diagnosed And Treated?

Based on the patient’s description of symptoms, the physician may suspect enteritis. In order to confirm this, the following procedures may be undertaken:

  • Physical examination.
  • Medical history.
  • Blood tests.
  • Stool cultures.

Treatment for enteritis depends on the cause of the condition. Based on the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and test results, the doctor will be able to identify the root cause of inflammation in the small intestine. For instance, if the patient presents with fever, it indicates infection. Hence, treatment may call for antibiotics in case of bacterial infection and antiviral drugs in case of viral infection. In instances where radiation therapy is responsible for triggering the inflammation, modifying the treatment can help to provide relief to some extent. Alternatively, if radiation therapy has been completed, the inflammation can be expected to clear up in a few weeks or months afterward.

The main concern is to avoid dehydration and loss of electrolytes. As a result, the patient will be advised to increase their intake of fluids. Alternatively, fluids and electrolytes may be administered through the intravenous route. The patient will also be advised to take plenty of rest in order to regain their strength.

 

Prevention

Enteritis is a common gastrointestinal disorder. As we have seen, there are a number of different situations that can lead to inflammation of the small intestine.Most cases of enteritis are entirely preventable. Simple precautions such as washing hands before handling or consuming food, cooking foods thoroughly and boiling water before drinking it can go a long way towards preventing infectious enteritis.

Prevention of the condition is mainly by hygiene practices (washing hands with soap and water), cooking food cautiously (at optimum temperature and for the required duration), and refrigerating the food within 2 hours. Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption is also necessary for the prevention of enteritis.

 

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Drink plenty of fluids and oral rehydration solutions (O.R.S). This will help in restoring the metabolite balance, which gets disturbed due to vomiting and diarrhea.
  • Visit your doctor if vomiting or diarrhea persists for more than a day, blood or mucus is observed in stools, fever goes up to 101˚F.
  • Take care of hygiene practices (wash hands with soap and water frequently, before and after eating, cooking, using toilets etc).
  • Carry a hand sanitizer or hygiene wipes whenever you’re traveling (preferably having 6% alcohol content).
Don'ts
  • Self-medicate for diarrhea without consulting a registered general physician. Medications for diarrhea can sometimes interfere with the body’s natural defense mechanism of getting rid of infective agents by passing them out of the body along with the stools.
  • Drink unpasteurized milk or untreated water. Preferably boil the drinking water before consumption.
  • Consume undercooked meat, fish, and eggs. Refrigerate the leftovers immediately.

 

 

 

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Ovulation – facts to know about ovulation Learn how and when ovulation occurs, demystify common misconceptions, identify symptoms, methods of detection and right period for…
hidden benefits walking
9 benefits of walking we bet you didn’t know! Did you know walking can be the miracle pill for eternal youth? Everyone knows walking is good for…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
biotin for hair
Biotin: One-stop-shop for shiny hair and an active body! What is common to bananas, eggs, sweet potatoes, and liver? These are delicious and rich in biotin ;…
Hydroquinone: Is it the best topical treatment for hyperpigmentation? Darkening of the skin due to high melanin levels is called hyperpigmentation.  Hydroquinone interferes with melanin production thus treating…
Oxalates: How healthy greens can sometimes be bad news for your kidneys Oxalates are compounds present in a majority of healthy foods. However, at times an overconsumption of these could…
The Cabbage Soup Diet: The healthiest way to instant weight loss Cabbage soup diet rapid weight loss diet for those who want to shed those extra pounds in less…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
beta hcg test
Beta hCG Test A Beta hCG test measures the level of human gonadotropin hormones present in the blood that is primarliy…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
antiHEV IgM test
Anti hepatitis E virus (Anti HEV) IgM Test Anti HEV IgM test determines the level of the IgM antibodies in the blood, The disease is often…
shiitake mushrooms healthy
What are Shiitake Mushrooms and why should you eat them? Shiitake Mushrooms are well known for their smoky and robust taste. However, did you know they are replete…
sleep deprivation
Don’t let your sleep deficit grow into memory loss or heart attack Why is sleep important for us? How could sleep deprivation harm you? We bet you didn't know about…
oral hygiene tips
6 shocking consequences of bad oral hygiene (and how to avoid them) Did you know bad breath is not just turning off, but also harms your body in ways you…
ashwagandha brain
Ashwagandha: The best-kept secret of Ayurveda now revealed! Ashwagandha literally means "smell of horse". Don't get bogged down by that one tiny detail because this ayurveduic…
Salt dangers
Sodium chloride: The wonders and dangers of the simple table salt Sodium chloride is a salt containing sodium and chlorine ions at a 1:1 ratio. It is edible and…
Bromelain: 11 reasons why you should start adding pineapple to your pizza! If you didn't love pineapples already, here are some of the top health benefits that bromelain can bring…
Psyllium Husk: More than just an effective natural laxative Psyllium husk, or isabgol, is a popular natural laxative . But did you in addition to regulating bowels,…
How can berberine supplements help you live longer and healthier? Berberine is a turmeric look-alike herbal extract that is credited with numerous health benefits ranging from diabetes cure…
Experts reveal the safest ways to perform an enema at home The idea of pushing some up your rectal area might make you queasy but an enema could actually…
Inhale oxygen, exhale worries: The top breathing exercises and how to perform them Performing the breathing exercise is like becoming mindful of how you breathe.  Here is a list of breathing…
glucose-tolerance
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test – GTT Glucose tolerance test (or Oral GTT) is used to detect the onset of diabetes or prediabetes conditions. It…
Strep throat pain
Anti-Streptolysin-O Test The ASO or Anti-Streptolysin-O is a blood test designed to check for the presence of streptococcus bacterial infection…
cystatin C
Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a specific single-chain protein that is found in body fluids and is a biomarker for…
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…
yoga health benefits
How to practice yoga for astounding health benefits Can a 5000-year-old system be the ultimate body healer? Did you know yoga can make you smarter and…
aspartame or sugar
Aspartame – Hidden truths about this storm in a teacup Aspartame, the artificial sweetener, has gone under the scanner on several occasions for allegedly doing more harm than…
DHEA wrinkles
DHEA: Now get unbelievable age defiance with this wonder hormone! DHEA is known popularly as the age-defying hormone. This supplement is widely used to slow down aging and…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Shilajit: A miracle Himalayan herb for an active and happy life The Himalayas contain more wonders than you thought. Shilajit is a miracle herb that is widely used in…
The complete “what to eat” guide for gluten intolerance Does eating breads and pastas often makes you nauseous? Gluten intolerance is a common reason why you might…
Exercises or diet? Find out the healthiest way to gain weight Tired of being called skinny all the time? Looking for healthy ways to beef up? Why not try…
Is it possible to achieve full body detox with Master Cleanse? Master cleanse is a diet consisting of a lemonade based beverage, a salt water drink and a herbal…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
shakeology woman
Meal replacement or protein drink? Learn all about Shakeology and its claims Shakeology from Beachbody claims to be the most suitable shake that can aid in weight loss, regulate blood…
anoscopy
Anoscopy Anoscopy is an invasive diagnostic procedure where a small device known as anoscope will be inserted in the…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
leptospira Igm test
Leptospira-IgM Test A Leptospira-IgM test is a blood test which is carried out to detect anti-Leptospira IgM antibody. Leptospirosis is…
Okra: How can this nutrient-dense vegetable help you fight diabetes? Okra is a food which is rich in nutrients and minerals which are extremely essential for a healthy…
piles
Best treatment for piles in Bangalore All you need to know about piles and piles treatment in Bangalore - the types of treatment available,…
piles fissure fistula
Allopathy vs homeopathy vs ayurveda treatment for piles, fissures, and fistula Read to know the best form of treatment among allopathy, homeopathy,or ayurveda for piles, fissures, and fistula
The Shepherd's diet
Facts about the Shepherd’s diet Kristina Wilds promoted Shepherd's diet, a Christian-based diet that highlights Jesus Christ's diet as mentioned in the Bible.
gallbladder diet tomato
Gallbladder surgery :Tips on post-operative care and diet What to eat post a gallbladder surgery? What are the key things to avoid if you had a…

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