Coronary Artery Disease

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE diagnosis

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview

The heart ensures that blood circulates throughout your body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to cells, tissues, and organs and clearing away metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide. Just like the other organs and tissues of your body, your heart too requires a constant and regular supply of oxygenated blood in order to continue functioning optimally.

The heart pumps out oxygenated blood into the aorta which carried it to the rest of the body. From the aorta, there arise two blood vessels known as the left and right coronary arteries. These run along the surface of the heart and supply oxygenated blood to the left and right sides of the heart respectively. These arteries are narrow and represent the only source of blood to the heart tissues. Hence, any condition that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to deliver blood to the heart cells can have critical consequences.

 

What is Coronary Artery Disease?

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE diagnosisCoronary artery disease (CAD) is a form of cardiovascular disease that can give rise to a variety of conditions such as angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack). Some sources also refer to CAD as coronary heart disease. CAD arises when, generally due to a blockage in the coronary arteries, there is a reduction in the supply of blood to the tissues of the heart. This can be a life-threatening condition.

The main underlying mechanism that gives rise to coronary artery disease is a condition known as atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis involves the formation of deposits or plaques within the arteries, creating an obstruction in the path of the blood flowing through the arteries. In this case, it is the coronary arteries that are affected.

 

What is the Relationship Between CAD and Atherosclerosis?

Let us briefly consider the process that gives rise to atherosclerosis, since this has a bearing on CAD. To put it simply, arteries are blood vessels with thick muscular walls and narrow lumens or passages for the blood to flow through. The walls are flexible and elastic and the arterial lumen is lined on the inside by a layer of cells known as the epithelium. Sometimes, the epithelium becomes damaged and these sites of damage become inflamed. If conducive factors are present, these sites begin to slowly accumulate fatty deposits along with cellular wastes, calcium and even living cells. As these deposits build up, the lumen becomes obstructed and the arterial walls stretch to make up for the lost space. Eventually, however, this causes the walls to become inflexible and hardened with plaque, and the blood flow becomes restricted, starving the target tissues of oxygen and nutrients.

 

How Does CAD Develop and Progress?

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE childWhen atherosclerosis develops in the coronary arteries which serve as the crucial conduits for supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart’s tissues, this gives rise to coronary artery disease. Gradually, the heart itself becomes starved of the oxygen and nutrients it requires. This is known as ischemia. This process may be gradual and progressive, spread out over a lifetime. Alternatively, it is possible for a blockage to develop suddenly, when a blood clots forms over the deposit or a section of the plaque itself becomes detached and lodged in the narrow coronary artery, resulting in completely shutting off blood supply.

Sometimes a narrowed artery can develop new branches in order to get around the obstruction caused by the plaque. However, these new arteries may fail under conditions of stress or vigorous physical activity.

 

What Are The Causes and Risk Factors?

The list below mentions some factors that increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.

  • The risk increases with age.
  • Being male is associated with a higher probability of developing CAD.
  • Post-menopause, women are at a higher risk of developing CAD.
  • Having a family history of cardiovascular disease.
  • Being African-American, Mexican-American or native American has been shown by some studies to be associated with a higher risk of developing CAD.
  • Being overweight or obese.
  • Having diabetes.
  • Even passive smokers are at a higher risk of developing CAD than non-smokers.
  • Elevated blood cholesterol.
  • Hypertension.
  • Excessive alcohol consumption.
  • Stress.

 

What Are The Signs and Symptoms of CAD?

Initially, atherosclerosis tends to remain asymptomatic. However, as the degree of plaque deposit in the arterial lumen increases and blood flow reduces, early symptoms such as angina or chest pain will typically begin to manifest. This may be particularly exacerbated during periods of increased physical activity or stress. However, as the disease progresses, the patient may even begin to experience angina when he or she is at rest.

The list below outlines some typical symptoms of all stages of CAD beginning from the initial phase to the more severe manifestations.

  • Angina or chest pain. Sometimes this is mistaken for heartburn caused by acid reflux. Further, pain could appear on the shoulders, neck, and arms.
  • Elevated heart rate. Some may even experience heart palpitations.
  • Sweating.
  • Dizziness.
  • Nausea.
  • Weakness.
  • Feeling short of breath.

 

What Are The Potential Complications?

CAD can lead to a variety of critical outcomes, such as:

  • Abnormal heart rhythm or cardiac arrhythmia.
  • Myocardial infarction (heart attack).
  • Heart failure.
  • Death.

 

What Tests Will I Need?

The process of diagnosis may involve the following stages, depending on the particulars of the case:

  • Medical history and family history.
  • Physical examination.
  • Blood tests.
  • Electrocardiogram.
  • Stress test.
  • CT scans.
  • Coronary angiography.

 

What Are Some Treatment Options?

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE surgeryThe treatment of coronary artery disease focuses mainly on lifestyle changes. Medications and certain medical procedures are also an essential part of the treatment protocol.

Lifestyle Modifications: Certain modifications in the lifestyle of an individual are: quitting smoking, choosing healthier foods, regular physical activity, maintaining optimum body weight, and stress reduction. A healthy lifestyle leads to healthy arteries.

Medications: Some of the drugs prescribed in order to treat CAD are as follows:

  • Cholesterol-modifying medications– Lowering the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or the ‘bad’ cholesterol, can impede, stop or even reverse the build-up of the fatty deposits in the arteries. Increasing the levels of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, also known as the good cholesterol, can also help to prevent the deposition of plaque in the arteries. Certain medications such as statins, niacin, bile acid sequestrants, and fibrates can be administered to lower the cholesterol levels. Statins also help in help stabilizing the lining of the heart arteries.
  • Aspirin- It acts as a blood thinner and reduces the risk of getting a heart attack.
  • Beta-blocker drugs– These drugs lower your heart rate and blood pressure, reducing the stress on the heart and help in relieving symptoms of chest pain. They also reduce the risk of heart attacks.
  • Ranolazine– This drug helps to relieve chest pain.
  • Calcium channel blockers- They are used to treat angina (in some cases).
  • Nitroglycerin– This drug can be administered in the form of tablets, sprays or patches. It causes temporary dilatation of the coronary arteries thereby reducing the chest pain.
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors– These medications lower blood pressure, interfere with the hormone that constricts the blood vessels and thereby reduce the load on the heart. They also reduce the risk of recurrent heart attacks.
  • Surgical intervention- Procedures such as angioplasty and coronary artery stent placement or coronary artery bypass surgeries are performed to restore and improve the flow of blood.

Prevention of CAD can be done by lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, intake of a balanced diet, maintaining healthy body weight, managing stress and by quitting smoking.

 

 

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Maintain a healthy body weight
  • Control the levels of your blood pressure and cholesterol
  • Manage stress. Learn stress-reducing techniques such as meditation, mindful breathing, yoga etc.
  • Go for cardiac rehabilitation. It is a customized outpatient program that incorporates exercise and education in order to improve your health.
Don'ts
  • Ignore symptoms such as chest pain accompanied by sweating, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest etc.
  • Ignore the flu shot. The annual flu shot is essential to protect you from influenza.
  • Indulge in smoking. Smoking may have detrimental effects on your cardiac health.
  • Have alcohol consumption.

 

 

 

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Leptospira-IgM Test A Leptospira-IgM test is a blood test which is carried out to detect anti-Leptospira IgM antibody. Leptospirosis is…
blood ketone test
Blood Ketone (D3HB) Test The Blood Ketone Test measures and monitors the levels of ketone in the blood which is usually performed…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
Diabetes blood test
Diabetic Profile The diabetic profile is a set of tests used for testing and monitoring the various kinds of Diabetes…
Hymenoplasty
Hymenoplasty Read on to find out all about hymenoplasty, the procedure, post-surgery care, the risks, and the benefits.
hidden benefits walking
9 benefits of walking we bet you didn’t know! Did you know walking can be the miracle pill for eternal youth? Everyone knows walking is good for…
Dragon Fruit – Blessing from Nature’s Basket Dragon fruit is packed with nutrients but low on calories. It is the dream food that can help…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
gallbladder diet tomato
Gallbladder surgery :Tips on post-operative care and diet What to eat post a gallbladder surgery? What are the key things to avoid if you had a…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
How can berberine supplements help you live longer and healthier? Berberine is a turmeric look-alike herbal extract that is credited with numerous health benefits ranging from diabetes cure…
How to correctly perform nasal irrigation using a Neti Pot? Neti pot has been a part of Ayurveda since centuries. This ancient tool is extremely effective in treating…
How can Kegels help you overcome weak pelvic muscles & incontinence? Kegel exercises are pelvic floor strengthening exercises that can help you overcome incontinence issues that rise out of…
What to eat, what not to eat in the South Beach Diet? The South Beach Diet is one among the most popular weight loss programs that have been the talk…
Experts reveal the safest ways to perform an enema at home The idea of pushing some up your rectal area might make you queasy but an enema could actually…
Quinine: How gin and tonic came to be known as a potent health elixir The discovery of quinine-containing tree bark is sometimes considered the most serendipitous medical discovery of the 17th century.
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
Bloodtestalbumin
Albumin Test Albumin test or blood serum test is a liver function test that measures the amount of the protein…
anoscopy
Anoscopy Anoscopy is an invasive diagnostic procedure where a small device known as anoscope will be inserted in the…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
sugar toxic health
Sugar: 7 new shocking truths revealed about the sweet poison Can drinking soda bring you closer to death? Is sugar slowly poisoning you and your family? You would…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
Cayenne: The remarkable benefits of these red hot chili peppers These may make you rush for a glass of water, but cayenne pepper is actually a healthy additive…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
Mood swings
The real reasons for your mood swings and how to overcome them Are you prone to heated moods frequently? Do you also feel bouts of depressive feeling creeping up on…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
Urologist: When should you visit one and why? A urologist can treat not only genitourinary problems of both men and women but also can treat various…
Inhale oxygen, exhale worries: The top breathing exercises and how to perform them Performing the breathing exercise is like becoming mindful of how you breathe.  Here is a list of breathing…
glucose-tolerance
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test – GTT Glucose tolerance test (or Oral GTT) is used to detect the onset of diabetes or prediabetes conditions. It…
LFT-test
Liver Function Test – LFT LFT or Liver Function Test is a blood test used to determine the levels of hepatic enzymes which…
ASTtest-liver
AST- Aspartate Aminotransferase Test AST test is a blood test that is used to measure the level of a particular liver enzyme…
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPIDANTIBODY(APL)_IgG
Antiphospholipid (APL) antibody-IgG The Antiphospholipid Antibody testing is a blood test used to determine an autoimmune disorder called Antiphospholipid syndrome linked…
Strep throat pain
Anti-Streptolysin-O Test The ASO or Anti-Streptolysin-O is a blood test designed to check for the presence of streptococcus bacterial infection…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
Period sanitary napkin-menstruaion-blood-colors
Period blood – what it says about your health Your period blood color and consistency indicate what is happening in your body. Is your blood bright red…
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…
L-theanine attention
L-Theanine: Better sleep, higher focus, and many other benefits Did you know that L-theanine found in green tea can make you sleep better and be focused at…
High Fiber Diet – Fire up your fiber intake for these health benefits! Regular bowels, healthy detox, higher immunity, and guaranteed weight loss - a high fiber diet can bring all…
Agave nectar: The bitter truth about this sweetener revealed Agave nectar is considered to be sweeter than the normal table sugar and even contains higher amounts of…
gout diet purines
Gout Diet : Get relief from painful joints by eating these foods Are you a victim of this painful condition? Are medications providing only short relief? Find a list of…
DHEA wrinkles
DHEA: Now get unbelievable age defiance with this wonder hormone! DHEA is known popularly as the age-defying hormone. This supplement is widely used to slow down aging and…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Pescatarian Diet 101: What are the inherent health advantages of this diet? People opt to become a pescatarian in order to enrich their bodies with the essential health benefits that…
Appendix pain: Recent findings on this not-so vestigial organ The exact function of the appendix is still not clear. Some consider it as an organ that once…
hemoglobin variant analysis
Hemoglobin Variant Analysis Hemoglobin variant analysis is a blood test that is used to detect the presence of hemoglobin variants which…
cystatin C
Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a specific single-chain protein that is found in body fluids and is a biomarker for…
Hepatitis A virus infected liver
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Total Blood test to look for IgM antibodies to know if you are infected with Hepatitis A virus (HAV),…
lose weight fast
12 easy and instant steps to successful weight loss Do you want to lose weight without losing your mind? Does weight loss always mean saying goodbye to…

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