Hemolytic Anemia

HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA petri dish

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview

Blood is made up of three main types of cells suspended in a liquid medium called blood plasma. The function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen to all the different parts of the body. A substance known as hemoglobin, which also gives RBCs their red color, is responsible for binding to oxygen and enabling its transport.

Red blood cells have a short lifespan. On average, and under normal conditions, RBCs continue to function for a period of about 120 days. Old ones are regularly replaced with fresh ones. Worn out red blood cells are cleared away and broken down into organs like the spleen which then metabolizes the hemoglobin contained in them. New red blood cells are generated and incubated in the bone marrow until they have matured. In order to maintain the total numbers of RBCs in circulation, the process of breakdown must be balanced with the process of production and release of new RBCs.

 

What Is Haemolytic Anaemia?

HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA RBCs‘Anemia’ is any condition involving a significant shortage of red blood cells. However, the shortage of red blood cells leaves the body’s cells and tissues starving of oxygen. Without oxygen, the patient feels weak and short of breath and soon, they start appearing very pale.

‘Hemolysis’ is the process of breakdown of red blood cells, causing them to release their cell contents into the fluid medium (blood plasma) in which they are carried. There can be a range of different causes for hemolysis, including autoimmune activity and even bacterial or parasitic infections. There are two forms of hemolysis, namely, the intravascular and extravascular. The former refers to hemolysis which occurs within blood vessels and the latter label is applicable when hemolysis takes place not in blood vessels but in organs such as the spleen.

‘Hemolytic anemia’ is the name given to the condition where red blood cells are in short supply because something causes them to break down or undergo hemolysis in abnormally large numbers. As we have seen, hemolysis is a normal physiological process. However, if the production of new RBCs in the bone marrow cannot keep pace with the rate of hemolysis and fails to compensate adequately, the patient develops anemia. In other words, hemolytic anemia occurs when the quantity of red blood cells in circulation is heavily depleted because of excessive hemolysis. This can lead to jaundice and other more serious complications. In fact, in severe cases, hemolytic anemia could even be fatal.

 

What Causes Haemolytic Anaemia?

HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA fetusToday, medical science recognizes a wide range of possible causes for hemolytic anemia. This condition may be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Examples of intrinsic causes include inherited disorders such as thalassemia. Sometimes, autoimmune activity is also implicated. Extrinsic factors may include drugs that induce higher rates of RBC destruction or even having a defective prosthetic heart valve.

A fuller list of possible causes appears below, grouped under appropriate headings:

  • Abnormalities in the membrane of red blood cells: This includes inherited disorders such as hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary elliptocytosis as well as acquired ones like paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
  • Hereditary disorders such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia.
  • Problems related to metabolism: Examples include G6PD deficiency and pyruvate kinase deficiency.
  • Immune-mediated processes: This may include an incompatibility between Rh factors in the blood of a mother and fetus (hemolytic disease of the newborn) or it may involve autoimmune activity as in chronic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Cancers such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
  • Certain chemicals or medical drugs: Lead poisoning and snake venom, for instance, can act as causes for hemolytic anemia and certain antiviral drugs are also known to produce this side-effect.
  • Having defective prosthetic heart valves.
  • Hyperactivity of the spleen: This is known as hypersplenism and it is often related to liver disorders.
  • Trauma.
  • Vasculitis. This is inflammation of blood vessels.
  • Infections: Including those caused by certain bacterial and parasitic agents.
  • Therapies such as blood and bone marrow stem cell transplant and hemodialysis
  • Blood pressure problems as in preeclampsia and malignant hypertension.

 

What Are The Symptoms Of Hemolytic Anemia?

Hemolytic anemia presents with the typical characteristics of anemia such as pallor of skin, breathlessness, and fatigue. A more detailed list appears below:

  • Fatigue.
  • Pale appearance.
  • Feeling short of breath.
  • Inability to exercise or exert oneself physically.
  • Dark colored urine as a result of hemoglobin in the urine. This is known as hemoglobinuria.
  • Yellowing of the skin or of the whites of the eyes.

 

What Are The Different Forms Of Hemolytic Anemia?

There are quite a few different types of hemolytic anemia but broadly speaking, these can be grouped under two main headings. Any case of hemolytic anemia can be described as either inherited or acquired. In other words, the factors responsible for hemolysis are either already present in the body as a result of heredity or else they are acquired later in life due to medications or disease. Alternatively, hemolytic anemia may be classified as either immune-related or non-immune mediated.

 

What Are Some Complications To Watch Out For?

There is a range of potential complications linked with severe hemolytic anemia. Some possibilities are mentioned in the list below:

 

How Can This Be Diagnosed And Treated?

HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA petri dishOutwardly noticeable symptoms may indicate the presence of anemia but in order to correctly pinpoint the nature of the problem, you will need to undergo a variety of blood and urine tests as well as certain other laboratory tests:

  • Physical examination.
  • Medical history.
  • Blood tests.
  • Urine tests.
  • Liver function tests.
  • Bone marrow aspiration or biopsy.

The nature, intensity, and duration of treatment are entirely dependent on the underlying causes responsible for hemolytic anemia and the severity of the condition. Mild cases may not require treatment at all. If the patient is suffering from a hereditary disorder, then treatment may be a lifelong affair. On the other hand, it is possible to permanently resolve hemolytic anemia in instances of acquired causes such as malaria.

The main goal of treatment is to prevent the excessive destruction of RBCs and to bring RBC count back to a normal level. Where autoimmune mechanisms are responsible for hemolysis, the patient may be treated with appropriate medications. For other immune-mediated cases, a procedure known as plasmapheresis may be advised. In instances of blood disorders such as thalassemia or problems related to bone marrow, patients will benefit from blood or bone marrow transfusions.

 

Prevention

There are no known ways to prevent the onset of inherited hemolytic anemia. If one is born with a deficiency of G6PD (glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase), you can reduce the severity of the symptoms by staying away from triggers such as naphthalene balls (moth balls). Genetic counseling and prenatal care can help in detecting Rh incompatibility issues.

A person is said to be suffering from hemolytic anemia when, for a variety of possible reasons, there is an abnormally increased rate of red blood cell destruction in the body such that the rate of replenishment is unable to keep up with it. This problem affects the entire body and all of its organs and tissues since one of the primary functions of blood is to deliver adequate quantities of oxygen to all parts of the body. The condition may be temporary or permanent depending on the nature of the cause. Treatment can help to alleviate the condition to some extent in inherited cases of hemolytic anemia. Whereas, in instances of infection or acquired conditions such as trauma, it is possible to resolve it completely.

 

 

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Immediately refer to the doctor if you observe your skin going pale or a yellowish tint appearing in your eyes.
  • Take your medications regularly as most cases of hemolytic anemia respond well to this type of treatment.
  • Undergo genetic testing and counselling if this condition runs in your family.
Don'ts
  • Expose yourself to cold weather or other similar triggers that can worsen the condition.
  • Consume undercooked foods.
  • Visit places which have large crowds or gathering of people.

 

 

 

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How to correctly perform nasal irrigation using a Neti Pot? Neti pot has been a part of Ayurveda since centuries. This ancient tool is extremely effective in treating…
Experts reveal the safest ways to perform an enema at home The idea of pushing some up your rectal area might make you queasy but an enema could actually…
What is the right way to take a pregnancy test? A pregnancy test is undertaken to determine if you have conceived. A home pregnancy test is the most…
GERD heartburn
Heartburn: What are the exact symptoms and the best home remedies? There are easy home remedies for heartburn, which not only acts as a first aid when you experience…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
GGt test
GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Test GGT or gammaglutamyl transferase test is a liver function test that is used to detect the extent of…
Bloodtestalbumin
Albumin Test Albumin test or blood serum test is a liver function test that measures the amount of the protein…
blood elements analysis
Blood Element Analysis Test A blood element analysis is a blood test performed to measure the level of toxic elements such as…
fructosamine test
Fructosamine Test A fructosamine test measures blood sugar glucose content. Fructosamine level can indicate blood sugar level in past 2-3…
anoscopy
Anoscopy Anoscopy is an invasive diagnostic procedure where a small device known as anoscope will be inserted in the…
Diabetes blood test
Diabetic Profile The diabetic profile is a set of tests used for testing and monitoring the various kinds of Diabetes…
Hymenoplasty
Hymenoplasty Read on to find out all about hymenoplasty, the procedure, post-surgery care, the risks, and the benefits.
oral hygiene tips
6 shocking consequences of bad oral hygiene (and how to avoid them) Did you know bad breath is not just turning off, but also harms your body in ways you…
xylitol gum
Xylitol : Is this the right sugar substitute for you? Discovered during World War 2 owing to sugar shortage, xylitol has become a common name in pharamaceutical industry.…
avocado benefits
Avocado: 15 reasons why this fruit should be a staple in your diet Did you know that the word avocado literally means "testicles". Don't get grossed out as this power-packed fruit…
gallbladder diet tomato
Gallbladder surgery :Tips on post-operative care and diet What to eat post a gallbladder surgery? What are the key things to avoid if you had a…
black seed oil benefits
Black Seed Oil: What secret benefits could it bestow on your health? Black seeds or nigella seeds are tiny packets of health brimming with amazing benefits. Find out why should…
Cayenne: The remarkable benefits of these red hot chili peppers These may make you rush for a glass of water, but cayenne pepper is actually a healthy additive…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
CLA: A breakthrough weight loss supplement with minimal side effects Tried every weight loss supplement in the market with no substantial gain? Why not try CLA supplements, derived…
Mood swings
The real reasons for your mood swings and how to overcome them Are you prone to heated moods frequently? Do you also feel bouts of depressive feeling creeping up on…
glucose-tolerance
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test – GTT Glucose tolerance test (or Oral GTT) is used to detect the onset of diabetes or prediabetes conditions. It…
ASTtest-liver
AST- Aspartate Aminotransferase Test AST test is a blood test that is used to measure the level of a particular liver enzyme…
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPIDANTIBODY(APL)_IgG
Antiphospholipid (APL) antibody-IgG The Antiphospholipid Antibody testing is a blood test used to determine an autoimmune disorder called Antiphospholipid syndrome linked…
Strep throat pain
Anti-Streptolysin-O Test The ASO or Anti-Streptolysin-O is a blood test designed to check for the presence of streptococcus bacterial infection…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
iron deficiency profile
Iron Deficiency Profile An iron deficiency profile is a battery of blood tests which are performed in order to determine the…
Hepatitis A virus infected liver
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Total Blood test to look for IgM antibodies to know if you are infected with Hepatitis A virus (HAV),…
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…
sugar toxic health
Sugar: 7 new shocking truths revealed about the sweet poison Can drinking soda bring you closer to death? Is sugar slowly poisoning you and your family? You would…
L-theanine attention
L-Theanine: Better sleep, higher focus, and many other benefits Did you know that L-theanine found in green tea can make you sleep better and be focused at…
High Fiber Diet – Fire up your fiber intake for these health benefits! Regular bowels, healthy detox, higher immunity, and guaranteed weight loss - a high fiber diet can bring all…
Agave nectar: The bitter truth about this sweetener revealed Agave nectar is considered to be sweeter than the normal table sugar and even contains higher amounts of…
gout diet purines
Gout Diet : Get relief from painful joints by eating these foods Are you a victim of this painful condition? Are medications providing only short relief? Find a list of…
DHEA wrinkles
DHEA: Now get unbelievable age defiance with this wonder hormone! DHEA is known popularly as the age-defying hormone. This supplement is widely used to slow down aging and…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
How can Kegels help you overcome weak pelvic muscles & incontinence? Kegel exercises are pelvic floor strengthening exercises that can help you overcome incontinence issues that rise out of…
Pescatarian Diet 101: What are the inherent health advantages of this diet? People opt to become a pescatarian in order to enrich their bodies with the essential health benefits that…
shakeology woman
Meal replacement or protein drink? Learn all about Shakeology and its claims Shakeology from Beachbody claims to be the most suitable shake that can aid in weight loss, regulate blood…
Inhale oxygen, exhale worries: The top breathing exercises and how to perform them Performing the breathing exercise is like becoming mindful of how you breathe.  Here is a list of breathing…
hemoglobin variant analysis
Hemoglobin Variant Analysis Hemoglobin variant analysis is a blood test that is used to detect the presence of hemoglobin variants which…
cystatin C
Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a specific single-chain protein that is found in body fluids and is a biomarker for…
piles fissure fistula
Allopathy vs homeopathy vs ayurveda treatment for piles, fissures, and fistula Read to know the best form of treatment among allopathy, homeopathy,or ayurveda for piles, fissures, and fistula
liver detox facts
7 liver detox facts and why ignoring these could kill you! Are you taking care of this organ that handles over 500 different vital functions in your body? Your…
lose weight fast
12 easy and instant steps to successful weight loss Do you want to lose weight without losing your mind? Does weight loss always mean saying goodbye to…

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