Bone fracture

Bone fracture plaster

Last Updated December 20th, 2021

Overview of bone fracture

Musculoskeletal injuries are common in professional athletes and common people. The World Health Organisation (WHO) reveals that nearly 50% of the current global population suffers from musculoskeletal injuries of some form or the other. While some may resolve in a very short time, others may take a long time to heal. The most common type of musculoskeletal injury observed on a regular basis is bone fractures. These may result not only from accidental injuries or stress, but may also arise from certain bone diseases.

The NCBI statistics show that an estimated 1.5 million people all over the world suffer from bone fracture due to some bone disease. This necessitates a proper addressing of the existing bone diseases along with maintaining a healthy diet in order to prevent bone fractures.

 

What is a bone fracture?

Bone fracture plasterA bone fracture, also known as FRX or Fx is a clinical condition characterized by the loss of continuity of a particular bone or multiple bones due to accidental injury or some bone disease. A bone fracture may result from a trauma injury, high-force impact or stress. It may also be an outcome of diseases like osteogenesis, osteoporosis or bone cancer. In such cases, the fracture is termed as a pathologic bone fracture. A daily diet deficient in essential minerals and micronutrients can also lead to bone fracture.

 

What are the main causes of bone fracture?

Following are some of the common causes of bone fracture-

  • Repetitive stress
  • Overuse injuries
  • Accidental injuries
  • Injuries due to sports activities
  • Alterations in structures and properties of the major bones
  • Loss of minerals due to aging
  • Deficiency of Vitamins A, C, and K in the body
  • Deficiency of calcium in the regular diet
  • Sudden lifting of heavy loads, especially one that is beyond one’s capacity
  • Presence of bony protrusions that may make the bones prone to injury and fracture
  • Anatomical defects that are present from birth
  • Diseases like Arthritis, Diabetes, and Gout
  • Addictive practices like smoking and alcohol consumption

 

What are the main signs and symptoms of a bone fracture?

A bone fracture can be easily identified by the following conditions detected by X-rays –

  • Break in the continuity of periosteum
  • Discontinuity in the endosteum
  • Edema of the adjoining soft tissues
  • Bleeding of the periosteal blood vessels
  • Pressure pain
  • Muscle spasms and cramps
  • Damage to the neighboring structures such as nerves, blood vessels, spinal cord, nerve roots or cranial contents
  • Temporary immobility or difficulty moving the fractured part(s)
  • Delayed regeneration of the affected tissues and blood vessels

 

What are the different types of bone fracture?

Bones fractures can be classified into several types based on myriad criteria. Each and every classification will be discussed in this section separately. Based on the mechanism of fracture, bone fractures can be classified into the following three types-

  • Traumatic fracture: This type of bone fracture is caused by sustained trauma. Some of the conditions that may lead to this type of fracture are- road accidents and accidental falls. Some of the common types of traumatic fractures are- head injuries, chest trauma, abdominal trauma, extremity trauma and polytrauma
  • Pathologic fracture: It is usually observed in a weakened bone due to some pre-existing bone diseases like osteoporosis or osteoarthritis.
  • Periprosthetic fracture: It is generally observed in patients who have recently undergone implant(s). This fracture typically occurs at the point of mechanical weakness.

Based on the involvement of the soft tissues, bone fractures can be classified into two main categories-

  • Closed fracture: Here the skin covering the damaged soft tissue remains unaffected.
  • Open fracture: It is also known as a compound fracture. In this case, the wounds interact with the fracture and expose the fracture hematoma. This may lead to the contamination of the affected bone and may also increase the risks of wound infection. A compound fracture is of two types- clean fracture and contaminated fracture.

According to the mode of displacement, bone fractures can be categorized into two types-

  • Displaced fracture: This is caused by different types of abrupt and accidental movements such as translated, angulated, rotated and shortened.
  • Non-displaced fracture

Based on the pattern of fracture, bone fractures can be classified into the following types-

  • Linear fracture: This occurs parallel to the bone’s long axis.
  • Transverse fracture: Here the fracture occurs at a right angle to the bone’s longitudinal axis.
  • Oblique fracture: The fracture occurs in an oblique fashion, often in a diagonal pattern or at an angle of 30o with the longitudinal axis of the affected bone.
  • Spiral fracture: In this case, one or more portions of the bone are twisted.
  • Compression fracture: It is a common occurrence in the spine and takes place mainly due to the collapse of the vertebra in osteoporosis.

Based on the anatomical location, bone fractures are of the following types-

Skull fracture: It has the following subtypes-

Bone fracture xraySpinal fracture: The subtypes of cervical fracture are-

  • Flexion teardrop fracture
  • Clay shoveler fracture
  • Burst fracture
  • Compression fracture
  • Chance fracture
  • Holdsworth fracture

Rib fracture

Sternal fracture

Shoulder fracture: It is of two types- clavicle fracture, scapular fracture

Arm fracture: It is of the following types-

  • Humerus fracture: It is the fracture of the upper arm.
  • Forearm fracture: It is of two types- ulnar fracture and radial fracture

 

Diagnosis and treatment

The following diagnostic processes are normally recommended-

  • Radiographic imaging (X-Ray)
  • Computed Tomography (CT)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

The treatment and healing of bone fractures is a slow and progressive process. For temporary pain relief, the doctors may recommend ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and codeine. For temporary immobilization of the affected bone, a plaster or a fiberglass cast or a splint that holds the displaced bones in position are used. Surgical interventions are necessary when the fractures do not heal even after repeated treatments. These conditions should be handled very carefully especially in children. Failure to do so may result in permanent plastic deformation of the bones. Additional systemic complications may also arise in future if diagnosis and treatment are delayed.

Treatment methods include:

  • Cast immobilization: It consists of a fiberglass or plaster cast to keep broken ends immobilized while they heal.
  • Brace: It allows limited movement of nearby joints.
  • Traction: This is used for aligning bone by using a steady pulling action.
  • External fixation: In this treatment method screws or metal pin are inserted into broken bone below and above the site of the fracture. These screws or pins are connected to a metal bar that is present outside the skin.

Some fractures can be prevented by taking proper diet and exercises. If you take a diet that is rich in vitamin D and calcium then it will improve bone strength. You can also do weight bearing exercises to keep the bones strong.

 

 

Dos and Don'ts

Dos
  • Limit your movements even after brace or cast is removed till the time, the bone is able to sustain normal activity.
  • Do exercises which will assist in restoring normal joint motion, muscle strength, and flexibility after the fracture heals.
  • Avoid direct heat till the time cast sets properly.
Don'ts
  • Get the cast wet since wet plaster gets soft when wet and cannot provide the required support.
  • Drive or lift anything heavy until fracture fully heals.
  • Use crutches incorrectly since it can result in further injury.

 

 

 

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biotin for hair
Biotin: One-stop-shop for shiny hair and an active body! What is common to bananas, eggs, sweet potatoes, and liver? These are delicious and rich in biotin ;…
Hydroquinone: Is it the best topical treatment for hyperpigmentation? Darkening of the skin due to high melanin levels is called hyperpigmentation.  Hydroquinone interferes with melanin production thus treating…
Oxalates: How healthy greens can sometimes be bad news for your kidneys Oxalates are compounds present in a majority of healthy foods. However, at times an overconsumption of these could…
The Cabbage Soup Diet: The healthiest way to instant weight loss Cabbage soup diet rapid weight loss diet for those who want to shed those extra pounds in less…
Barium-enema
Barium Enema Barium enema is also known as colon x-ray. Here, the patient is asked to consume small amount of…
beta hcg test
Beta hCG Test A Beta hCG test measures the level of human gonadotropin hormones present in the blood that is primarliy…
malarial antigen test
Malaria Antigen Test A malaria antigen test is a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that can detect malarial antigens (proteins) in your…
antiHEV IgM test
Anti hepatitis E virus (Anti HEV) IgM Test Anti HEV IgM test determines the level of the IgM antibodies in the blood, The disease is often…
oral hygiene tips
6 shocking consequences of bad oral hygiene (and how to avoid them) Did you know bad breath is not just turning off, but also harms your body in ways you…
ashwagandha brain
Ashwagandha: The best-kept secret of Ayurveda now revealed! Ashwagandha literally means "smell of horse". Don't get bogged down by that one tiny detail because this ayurveduic…
Salt dangers
Sodium chloride: The wonders and dangers of the simple table salt Sodium chloride is a salt containing sodium and chlorine ions at a 1:1 ratio. It is edible and…
Bromelain: 11 reasons why you should start adding pineapple to your pizza! If you didn't love pineapples already, here are some of the top health benefits that bromelain can bring…
Psyllium Husk: More than just an effective natural laxative Psyllium husk, or isabgol, is a popular natural laxative . But did you in addition to regulating bowels,…
How can berberine supplements help you live longer and healthier? Berberine is a turmeric look-alike herbal extract that is credited with numerous health benefits ranging from diabetes cure…
Goji berry: A traditional Chinese berry that packs the best of antioxidants Goji berry is an ancient berry that is considered to be power-packed with nutrients and antioxidants. Which means…
Tamarind: The top health benefits of this staple Asian ingredient Did you know this sweet and sour pulpy fruit does more than just add a tangy flavor to…
Experts reveal the safest ways to perform an enema at home The idea of pushing some up your rectal area might make you queasy but an enema could actually…
Inhale oxygen, exhale worries: The top breathing exercises and how to perform them Performing the breathing exercise is like becoming mindful of how you breathe.  Here is a list of breathing…
glucose-tolerance
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test – GTT Glucose tolerance test (or Oral GTT) is used to detect the onset of diabetes or prediabetes conditions. It…
Strep throat pain
Anti-Streptolysin-O Test The ASO or Anti-Streptolysin-O is a blood test designed to check for the presence of streptococcus bacterial infection…
cystatin C
Cystatin C Test Cystatin C is a specific single-chain protein that is found in body fluids and is a biomarker for…
yoga health benefits
How to practice yoga for astounding health benefits Can a 5000-year-old system be the ultimate body healer? Did you know yoga can make you smarter and…
aspartame or sugar
Aspartame – Hidden truths about this storm in a teacup Aspartame, the artificial sweetener, has gone under the scanner on several occasions for allegedly doing more harm than…
DHEA wrinkles
DHEA: Now get unbelievable age defiance with this wonder hormone! DHEA is known popularly as the age-defying hormone. This supplement is widely used to slow down aging and…
Oil of Oregano: The one-stop essential oil you’ve been looking for Are you plagued by a weak immune system? High body inflammation accompanied by pain and infections? Why not…
Shilajit: A miracle Himalayan herb for an active and happy life The Himalayas contain more wonders than you thought. Shilajit is a miracle herb that is widely used in…
The complete “what to eat” guide for gluten intolerance Does eating breads and pastas often makes you nauseous? Gluten intolerance is a common reason why you might…
Exercises or diet? Find out the healthiest way to gain weight Tired of being called skinny all the time? Looking for healthy ways to beef up? Why not try…
Is it possible to achieve full body detox with Master Cleanse? Master cleanse is a diet consisting of a lemonade based beverage, a salt water drink and a herbal…
Kava: Is it the healthy substitute for alcohol you have been waiting for? Native to the beautiful South Pacific islands, Kava is a famous beverage rooted in the local culture. It…
Love tea, hate tannins? Rooibos tea is just what you need The market is brimming with a multitude of herbal teas. But what makes rooibos tea (or red bush)…
How seitan proved to be a blessing in disguise for vegans worldwide Can only meat-eaters enjoy delicious juicy steaks and burgers? With seitan, the best meat substitute available today,even vegans…
Tart Cherry: The healthiest excuse for taking that second serving of pie Tart cherry has been traditionally used in delectable desserts such as pies. Recent studies have revealed that its…
shakeology woman
Meal replacement or protein drink? Learn all about Shakeology and its claims Shakeology from Beachbody claims to be the most suitable shake that can aid in weight loss, regulate blood…
anoscopy
Anoscopy Anoscopy is an invasive diagnostic procedure where a small device known as anoscope will be inserted in the…
vdrl test syphilis
VDRL Test The VDRL test is a blood test that is used to diagnose sexually transmitted or venereal diseases, primarily…
leptospira Igm test
Leptospira-IgM Test A Leptospira-IgM test is a blood test which is carried out to detect anti-Leptospira IgM antibody. Leptospirosis is…
Okra: How can this nutrient-dense vegetable help you fight diabetes? Okra is a food which is rich in nutrients and minerals which are extremely essential for a healthy…
piles
Best treatment for piles in Bangalore All you need to know about piles and piles treatment in Bangalore - the types of treatment available,…
piles fissure fistula
Allopathy vs homeopathy vs ayurveda treatment for piles, fissures, and fistula Read to know the best form of treatment among allopathy, homeopathy,or ayurveda for piles, fissures, and fistula
The Shepherd's diet
Facts about the Shepherd’s diet Kristina Wilds promoted Shepherd's diet, a Christian-based diet that highlights Jesus Christ's diet as mentioned in the Bible.
stress depressed anxiety
Are you depressed or just stressed? Know when to see a doctor Why are some people more anxious than others? Is being depressed the same as feeling sad? Have you…

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